c-Fos is an immediate-early gene that modulates cellular responses to a wide variety of stimuli and also plays an important role in tissue regeneration. However, the sequence and functions of c-Fos are still poorly understood in newts. This study describes the molecular cloning and characterization of the c-Fos gene (Co-c-Fos) of the Chinese fire-bellied newt, Cynops orientalis. The full-length Co-c-Fos cDNA sequence consists of a 1290 bp coding sequence that encoded 429 amino acids. The alignment and phylogenetic analyses reveal that the amino acid sequence of Co-c-Fos shared a conserved basic leucine zipper domain, including a nuclear localization sequence and a leucine heptad repeat. The Co-c-Fos mRNA is widely expressed in various tissues and is highly and uniformly expressed along the newt limb. After limb amputation, the expression of Co-c-Fos mRNA was immediately upregulated, but rapidly declined. However, the significant upregulation of Co-c-Fos protein expression was sustained for 24 h, overlapping with the wound healing stage of C. orientalis limb regeneration. To investigate if Co-c-Fos participate in newt wound healing, a skin wound healing model is employed. The results show that the treatment of T-5224, a selective c-Fos inhibitor, could largely impair the healing process of newt’s skin wound, as well as the injury-induced matrix metalloproteinase-3 upregulation, which is fundamental to wound epithelium formation. These data suggest that Co-c-Fos might participate in wound healing by modulating the expression of its potential target gene matrix metalloproteinase-3. Our study provides important insights into mechanisms that are responsible for the initiation of newt limb regeneration.
High Resolution Structure of the N-terminal Domain of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-2 and Characterization of Its Interaction Site with Matrix Metalloproteinase-3
