Micellar Charge Effects Upon Spontaneous Nucleophilic Additions and Substitutions

1986 ◽  
pp. 625-635
Author(s):  
Clifford A. Bunton ◽  
Marutirao M. Mhala ◽  
John R. Moffatt
Keyword(s):  
Nucleophilic Additions ◽  
Charge Effects

Specimen Collection Effect in Scanning Electron Microscopy Images

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 448-449
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
Jose Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electrons ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Material Density ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Curved Paths ◽  
Subject Material ◽  
Microscopy Images

In the SEM, contrast in the image is the result of variations in the volume secondary electron emission and backscatter emission which reaches the detector and serves to intensity modulate the signal for the CRT's. This emission is a function of the accelerating potential, material density, chemistry, crystallography, local charge effects, surface morphology and especially the angle of the incident electron beam with the particular surface site. Aside from the influence of object inclination, the surface morphology is the most important feature In producing contrast. “Specimen collection“ is the name given the shielding of the collector by adjacent parts of the specimen, producing much image contrast. This type of contrast can occur for both secondary and backscatter electrons even though the secondary electrons take curved paths to the detector-collector.Figure 1 demonstrates, in a unique and striking fashion, the specimen collection effect. The subject material here is Armco Iron, 99.85% purity, which was spark machined.

scholarly journals Dispersive MHD waves and alfvenons in charge non-neutral plasmas

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Stasiewicz ◽  
J. Ekeberg
Keyword(s):  
Soliton Solutions ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Mhd Waves ◽  
Space Plasmas ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Novel Technique ◽  
Solitary Structures ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Electric Potentials ◽  
Linear And Nonlinear

Abstract. Dispersive properties of linear and nonlinear MHD waves, including shear, kinetic, electron inertial Alfvén, and slow and fast magnetosonic waves are analyzed using both analytical expansions and a novel technique of dispersion diagrams. The analysis is extended to explicitly include space charge effects in non-neutral plasmas. Nonlinear soliton solutions, here called alfvenons, are found to represent either convergent or divergent electric field structures with electric potentials and spatial dimensions similar to those observed by satellites in auroral regions. Similar solitary structures are postulated to be created in the solar corona, where fast alfvenons can provide acceleration of electrons to hundreds of keV during flares. Slow alfvenons driven by chromospheric convection produce positive potentials that can account for the acceleration of solar wind ions to 300–800 km/s. New results are discussed in the context of observations and other theoretical models for nonlinear Alfvén waves in space plasmas.

scholarly journals Space Charge Effects in Noble-Liquid Calorimeters and Time Projection Chambers

Instruments ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sandro Palestini
Keyword(s):  
Space Charge ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Space Charge Effects ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
Time Projection Chambers ◽  
Drift Length ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Time Projection

The subject of space charge in ionization detectors is reviewed, showing how the observations and the formalism used to describe the effects have evolved, starting with applications to calorimeters and reaching recent, large time-projection chambers. General scaling laws, and different ways to present and model the effects are presented. The relations between space-charge effects and the boundary conditions imposed on the side faces of the detector are discussed, together with a design solution that mitigates some of the effects. The implications of the relative size of drift length and transverse detector size are illustrated. Calibration methods are briefly discussed.

scholarly journals Numerical investigation of space charge effects on the positions of beamlets for transversely split beams

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Machida ◽  
C. Prior ◽  
S. Gilardoni ◽  
M. Giovannozzi ◽  
A. Huschauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Space Charge ◽  
Numerical Investigation ◽  
Space Charge Effects ◽  
Charge Effects

Charge effects on hindrance factors for diffusion and convection of solute in pores I

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 065505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki O-tani ◽  
Takeshi Akinaga ◽  
Masako Sugihara-Seki
Keyword(s):  
Charge Effects ◽  
Diffusion And Convection

scholarly journals Space charge effects on the third order coupled resonance

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Franchetti ◽  
Simone Gilardoni ◽  
Alexander Huschauer ◽  
Frank Schmidt ◽  
Raymond Wasef
Keyword(s):  
Space Charge ◽  
Space Charge Effects ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Charge Effects ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Unsaturation, curvature and charge: effects of membrane parameters on PIK3C3/VPS34-containing complexes

Autophagy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Yohei Ohashi ◽  
Shirley Tremel ◽  
Roger L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Charge Effects

scholarly journals Space-Charge Effects in the Field-Assisted Thermionic Emission from Nonuniform Cathodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Sitek ◽  
Kristinn Torfason ◽  
Andrei Manolescu ◽  
Ágúst Valfells
Keyword(s):  
Space Charge ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Space Charge Effects ◽  
Charge Effects
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