Cold Hardiness Factors that Affect Nursery Production of Woody Plants in Southeastern United States

1997 ◽  
pp. 325-330
Author(s):  
Orville M. Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Nursery Production

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Vernal Budbreak of Rhamnus caroliniana and the Invasive Rhamnus cathartica

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Reid D. Landes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rhamnus Cathartica ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Carolina buckthorn [Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. or Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray] is an attractive and water-stress-resistant shrub or small tree distributed extensively in the southeastern United States that merits use in managed landscapes. Due to substantial climatic differences within its distribution (30-year normal midwinter minima range from 13 to -8 °C), selection among provenances based on differences in cold hardiness is warranted. Before selections are marketed, the potential of carolina buckthorn to be invasive also merits investigation. Ecological problems resulting from the introduction of Rhamnus L. species in the United States, most notably the dominance of R. cathartica L. (common buckthorn) over neighboring taxa, are due in part to early budbreak. Consequently, we investigated depth of cold hardiness and vernal budbreak of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn. Stem samples of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn collected in midwinter survived temperatures as low as -21 and -24 °C, respectively. Although the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorns from Missouri was greater than that of carolina buckthorns from Ohio and Texas on 2 Apr. 2003, there were no differences in cold hardiness of stems from Missouri and Texas on all three assessment dates in the second experiment. All plants survived at both field locations except for the carolina buckthorns from southern Texas planted in Iowa, which showed 0% and 17% survival in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Budbreak of both species with and without mulch in Ames, Iowa, was recorded from 9 Apr. to 10 May 2002. Mean budbreak of common buckthorn was 5.7 days earlier than budbreak of carolina buckthorn, and buds of mulched carolina buckthorns broke 4.2 days earlier than did buds of unmulched carolina buckthorns. We conclude that the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorn is sufficient to permit the species to be planted outside of its natural distribution. Populations of carolina buckthorn in Ohio and Missouri should be the focus of efforts to select genotypes for use in regions with harsh winters. Phenology of its budbreak suggests carolina buckthorn will not be as invasive as common buckthorn, but evaluation of additional determinants of invasiveness is warranted.

Interaction of Prodiamine and Flumioxazin for Nursery Weed Control

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Stephen C. Marble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Rate Range ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Both prodiamine and flumioxazin are used in the nursery production and landscape maintenance industries in the southeastern United States for preemergence weed control. Research was conducted to determine whether a tank mixture of these two herbicides would be more effective than either component applied alone. Prodiamine alone, flumioxazin alone, and a 72 : 28 (by weight) prodiamine–flumioxazin mixture were each applied at a series of rates to containers filled with a pine bark–sand substrate that is typical for nursery production in the southeastern United States. Our intent was to have a rate range that hopefully extended from ineffective to lethal for each treatment series. Subsequent to treatment, containers were overseeded with either large crabgrass, spotted spurge, or eclipta. Percent control was determined by comparing treated weed foliage fresh weight to that of the appropriate nontreated control at 6 and 12 wk after application. ANOVA followed by nonlinear regression was used to evaluate the interaction of prodiamine and flumioxazin when combined and to determine the rate of each treatment series required for 95% control (if applicable) for each of the three weed species. Results varied with weed species. The mixture was synergistic and more cost effective than either of the components applied alone in controlling spotted spurge. With respect to large crabgrass control, the mixture was additive and slightly more cost effective than the components. Eclipta could only be controlled with flumioxazin, and this control was antagonized by the addition of prodiamine.

Absorption and translocation of [14C]glyphosate in four woody plant species

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 785-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Green ◽  
Patrick J. Minogue ◽  
Charles H. Brewer ◽  
Glenn R. Glover ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Herbicide Tolerance ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Foliar Absorption

Absorption and translocation patterns of radio-labelled glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were examined in four species of woody plants to determine mechanisms of herbicide tolerance in species common to the southeastern United States. Loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) and yaupon (Ilexvomitoria (L.) Ait.), both tolerant to the herbicide, absorbed significantly less glyphosate than did red maple (Acerrubrum L.) or white oak (Quercusalba L.), indicating the importance of foliar absorption as a barrier to glyphosate entry. Although herbicide absorption was similar between the sensitive white oak and the tolerant red maple, white oak accumulated more glyphosate in the roots than did red maple, indicating that translocation patterns also contribute significantly to glyphosate tolerance in some woody species.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Potassium Requirements for Field-grown Areca and Mexican Fan Palms

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 1567-1571
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fill Soil ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Field Nursery ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
K Deficiency

Potassium (K) deficiency is a widespread problem in palms growing in sandy or calcareous soils in southeastern United States. Its symptoms are highly conspicuous, reduce palm aesthetic appeal, are difficult to correct, and can be exacerbated by nitrogen (N) fertilization. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum fertilization rates and ratio for N and K in areca palm [Dypsis lutescens (H. Wendl.) Beentje & J. Dransf. and Mexican fan palm (Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl.) growing in a calcareous sandy fill soil. Both species had their highest quality when fertilized with 12.2 g·m−2 N and 12.2 g·m−2 K from controlled-release (2–3 month release) sources every 3 months. Actual N and K application rates were better predictors of palm quality than N:K ratio at the highest fertilization rates that would be recommended for field nursery production. However, at lower application rates more typical of those used for landscape palm maintenance, palm quality improved as the N:K application ratio was decreased.

Postemergence Weed Control with Glyphosate Plus Flumioxazin Combinations

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Charles H. Gilliam ◽  
Stephen C. Marble
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Control Data ◽  
Nursery Production

Glyphosate plus flumioxazin tank mixtures have become popular in the nursery production and landscape maintenance industries in the southeastern United States. Research was conducted to compare the efficacy of such a mixture relative to the components applied alone. Glyphosate, flumioxazin, and glyphosate plus flumioxazin (2 : 1, w/w) were applied POST in container trials to four weed species at a series of rates that ranged from no effect to death. Regression analyses revealed that control data from all three treatment series could be described by the four-parameter, log-logistic model. With respect to glyphosate and flumioxazin applied alone, analysis revealed that across all four species, a lower rate of flumioxazin was required for 90% control than of glyphosate. The rate of the mixture required for 90% control was generally intermediate to the components applied alone and ranged from 0.36 kg ha−1 for hairy bittercress to 1.52 kg ha−1 for eclipta. Glyphosate alone was more cost effective than either flumioxazin alone or the mixture for the POST-applied control of all four species. The popularity of the tank mixture might be the result of flumioxazin-based PRE activity that was not measured in this study.

scholarly journals A catalog of cultivated woody plants of the southeastern United States /

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick G. Meyer ◽  
Peter M. Mazzeo ◽  
Donald H. Voss ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Southeastern United States

scholarly journals A catalog of cultivated woody plants of the southeastern United States /

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick G. Meyer ◽  
Peter M. Mazzeo ◽  
Donald H. Voss ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Southeastern United States

Winter Bud Cold-hardiness of Interstem Peach Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541e-541
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
David R. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Chronic Problem

Large fluctuations in annual peach production is a chronic problem in the southeastern United States. Winter and spring cold injury to flowers reduces the potential peach crop almost every year in the Southeast. A bloom delaying peach interstem has consistently delayed phenology in the Southeast, but its effect on bud hardiness is unknown. Nine varieties (650–1050 chill hours) budded to `Ta Tao 5' (P.I. 101667) interstems on Lovell rootstock or budded to only Lovell rootstock (i.e., controls) were sampled monthly from November or December to late February in 1996–97 and 1997–98 from an interstem test established in 1993 near Clemson, S.C. High-chill varieties such as `Contender', `Encore', and `Redhaven' were 1 to 2 °C more cold-hardy on interstem trees in late winter. General trends showed that varieties were slightly more cold-hardy on interstems in 1996–97, but no differences were observed from Nov.1997 through early Jan. 1998. Significant varietal differences in cold-hardiness were found on each sampling date, but no trends were observed.

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