Winter Bud Cold-hardiness of Interstem Peach Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 541e-541
Author(s):  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
David R. Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Varietal Differences ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Chronic Problem

Large fluctuations in annual peach production is a chronic problem in the southeastern United States. Winter and spring cold injury to flowers reduces the potential peach crop almost every year in the Southeast. A bloom delaying peach interstem has consistently delayed phenology in the Southeast, but its effect on bud hardiness is unknown. Nine varieties (650–1050 chill hours) budded to `Ta Tao 5' (P.I. 101667) interstems on Lovell rootstock or budded to only Lovell rootstock (i.e., controls) were sampled monthly from November or December to late February in 1996–97 and 1997–98 from an interstem test established in 1993 near Clemson, S.C. High-chill varieties such as `Contender', `Encore', and `Redhaven' were 1 to 2 °C more cold-hardy on interstem trees in late winter. General trends showed that varieties were slightly more cold-hardy on interstems in 1996–97, but no differences were observed from Nov.1997 through early Jan. 1998. Significant varietal differences in cold-hardiness were found on each sampling date, but no trends were observed.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness of Weigela Cultivars

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve McNamara ◽  
Harold Pellett
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Cold Injury ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Controlled ◽  
Cold Hardy

Abstract Laboratory freezing tests of stem hardiness were conducted to develop cold hardiness profiles for 18 weigela (Weigela sp.) cultivars during the fall and winter of 1994–95. Tests were performed on containerized plants held in a temperature-controlled greenhouse to prevent exposure to potentially lethal temperatures. No cultivar survived below −6C (21F) in the October 3 test. Subsequent differences in rates of acclimation resulted in cultivars differing in hardiness by as much as 13C (23F) on November 14. Taxa also differed greatly in their maximum midwinter low temperature tolerance with ‘Centennial’ and ‘Eva Supreme’ hardy to −44C (−47F) and −28C (−18F) in mid-January, respectively. None of the cultivars deacclimated substantially in response to a week of artificially-imposed diurnal freeze/thaw cycles in early February. Taxa with the greatest midwinter hardiness also maintained the greatest hardiness in early March. Overall, ‘Centennial’, ‘Java Red’, and ‘Samba’ were the most cold hardy cultivars tested, while ‘Boskoop Glory’, ‘Bristol Snowflake’, and ‘Variegata’ were the least hardy. Cold injury of susceptible weigela cultivars appears to be a consequence of late hardening and/or insufficient midwinter hardiness rather than rapid deacclimation in response to periods of warm temperatures in mid-to late-winter.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness and Vernal Budbreak of Rhamnus caroliniana and the Invasive Rhamnus cathartica

2006 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ryan Stewart ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Reid D. Landes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rhamnus Cathartica ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Natural Distribution ◽  
Ecological Problems ◽  
Managed Landscapes

Carolina buckthorn [Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. or Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray] is an attractive and water-stress-resistant shrub or small tree distributed extensively in the southeastern United States that merits use in managed landscapes. Due to substantial climatic differences within its distribution (30-year normal midwinter minima range from 13 to -8 °C), selection among provenances based on differences in cold hardiness is warranted. Before selections are marketed, the potential of carolina buckthorn to be invasive also merits investigation. Ecological problems resulting from the introduction of Rhamnus L. species in the United States, most notably the dominance of R. cathartica L. (common buckthorn) over neighboring taxa, are due in part to early budbreak. Consequently, we investigated depth of cold hardiness and vernal budbreak of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn. Stem samples of carolina buckthorn and common buckthorn collected in midwinter survived temperatures as low as -21 and -24 °C, respectively. Although the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorns from Missouri was greater than that of carolina buckthorns from Ohio and Texas on 2 Apr. 2003, there were no differences in cold hardiness of stems from Missouri and Texas on all three assessment dates in the second experiment. All plants survived at both field locations except for the carolina buckthorns from southern Texas planted in Iowa, which showed 0% and 17% survival in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Budbreak of both species with and without mulch in Ames, Iowa, was recorded from 9 Apr. to 10 May 2002. Mean budbreak of common buckthorn was 5.7 days earlier than budbreak of carolina buckthorn, and buds of mulched carolina buckthorns broke 4.2 days earlier than did buds of unmulched carolina buckthorns. We conclude that the cold hardiness of carolina buckthorn is sufficient to permit the species to be planted outside of its natural distribution. Populations of carolina buckthorn in Ohio and Missouri should be the focus of efforts to select genotypes for use in regions with harsh winters. Phenology of its budbreak suggests carolina buckthorn will not be as invasive as common buckthorn, but evaluation of additional determinants of invasiveness is warranted.

scholarly journals Irrigation Lowers Substrate Temperature and Enhances Survival of Plants on Green Roofs in the Southeastern United States

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Guckenberger Price ◽  
Stephen A. Watts ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Robert W. Peters ◽  
Jason T. Kirby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardy

Green roofs are becoming increasingly prevalent in the United States due to their economical and environmental benefits as compared with conventional roofs. Plant selection for green roofs in the variable climate of the southeastern United States has not been well evaluated. Shallow substrates on green roofs provide less moderation of temperature and soil moisture than deeper soils in traditional landscapes, necessitating empirical evaluation in green roof environments to make informed recommendations for green roof plant selection. Nineteen species and cultivars, including succulents, grasses, and forbs, were evaluated under seasonal irrigated and non-irrigated conditions in experimental green roofs. Plants were planted on 26 Oct. 2009 and each evaluated for survival and increase in two-dimensional coverage of the substrate during establishment, after overwintering, and after the first growing season. The winter 2009–10 was colder than normal, and some plants, such as ice plants (Delosperma spp.), considered to be cold-hardy in this climate did not survive through the winter. Irrigation influenced survival for the summer period and only succulent plants like stonecrops (Sedum spp.) survived without irrigation. Irrigated experimental green roofs had significantly lower summer substrate temperatures (up to 20 °F lower) and plants survived in irrigated conditions. Plants that survived both winter and summer under irrigated conditions include pussytoes (Antennaria plantaginifolia), mouse-ear tickseed (Coreopsis auriculata), eastern bottlebrush grass (Elymus hystrix), glade cleft phlox (Phlox bifida stellaria), and eggleston's violet (Viola egglestonii). Irrigation is recommended on extensive green roofs to increase the palette for plant selection by protecting against plant mortality due to drought and extreme soil temperatures.

scholarly journals PRUNING EFFECTS ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO WOODY ORNAMENTAL PLANT TAXA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1142f-1142
Author(s):  
C.L. Haynes ◽  
O. M. Lindstrom ◽  
M. A. Dirr
Keyword(s):  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Ornamental Plant ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Woody Ornamental Plant ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Cold Hardy

The effects of timing of pruning in relation to cold hardiness of X Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A. B. Jacks. `Haggerston Grey' and Lagerstroemia L. `Natchez' were evaluated on 6 test dates from August 1989 to March 1990. Pruning treatments decreased the cold hardiness of both taxa compared to unpruned controls on 5 test dates. Cold tolerance of `Haggerston Grey' decreased for 4 to 5 months following the August and October pruning compared to the unpruned controls. `Haggerston Grey's cold tolerance were reduced by 6C in February. October and December pruning of `Natchez' reduced cold hardiness by 4C in January. However, cold hardiness of January and February pruning treatments was similar to unpruned controls. In general, the data indicated that plants of `Haggerston Grey' pruned in October through February were less cold hardy than plants pruned in August. Ideally, `Natchez' crape myrtle should be pruned in late winter.

scholarly journals (237) Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens and H. involucrata

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002C-1002
Author(s):  
Keri Jones ◽  
Sandra Reed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Maternal Parent ◽  
Cold Hardy

Hydrangea arborescens L., or smooth hydrangea, is a shrub native to the eastern United States that produces large corymbs of pure white flowers in early summer. Rated as hardy to USDA cold hardiness zone 4, it is one of the most cold-hardy members of the genus. Hydrangea involucrata Sieb. is an Asian species that produces lavender-blue flowers in midsummer. This species, which is not widely cultivated in the United States, is only rated as hardy to zone 6 to 7. The objective of this study was to hybridize H. arborescens and H. involucrata for the purpose of combining cold hardiness and flower color. Reciprocal crosses were made between H. involucrata and H. arborescens during Summer 2003. No seed were obtained when H. involucrata was used as the maternal parent. Approximately 500 seeds were collected from H. arborescen × H. involucrata hybridizations, 36 of which germinated. Several of these seedlings were extremely weak and died at a young age. The remaining eight plants have not flowered and all possess reduced growth rates. Hybridity was verified using RAPD markers and morphological comparisons of hybrids and parents.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Genes Involved in Cold Hardiness of Peach Tree (Prunus persica) Shoots during Cold Acclimation and Deacclimation

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Duk Jun Yu ◽  
Sung Hoon Jun ◽  
Junhyung Park ◽  
Jung Hyun Kwon ◽  
Hee Jae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Triacylglycerol Lipase ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Peach Trees

We analyzed the transcriptomes in the shoots of five-year-old ‘Soomee’ peach trees (Prunus persica) during cold acclimation (CA), from early CA (end of October) to late CA (middle of January), and deacclimation (DA), from late CA to late DA (middle of March), to identify the genes involved in cold hardiness. Cold hardiness of the shoots increased from early to late CA, but decreased from late CA to late DA, as indicated by decreased and increased the median lethal temperature (LT50), respectively. Transcriptome analysis identified 17,208 assembled transcripts during all three stages. In total, 1891 and 3008 transcripts were differentially expressed with a |fold change| > 2 (p < 0.05) between early and late CA, and between late CA and late DA, respectively. Among them, 1522 and 2830, respectively, were functionally annotated with gene ontology (GO) terms having a greater proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with molecular function than biological process or cellular component categories. The biochemical pathways best represented both periods from early to late CA and from late CA to late DA were ‘metabolic pathway’ and ‘biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’. We validated these transcriptomic results by performing reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on the selected DEGs showing significant fold changes. The relative expressions of the selected DEGs were closely related to the LT50 values of the peach tree shoots: ‘Soomee’ shoots exhibited higher relative expressions of the selected DEGs than shoots of the less cold-hardy ‘Odoroki’ peach trees. Irrespective of the cultivar, the relative expressions of the DEGs that were up- and then down-regulated during CA, from early to late CA, and DA, from late CA to late DA, were more closely correlated with cold hardiness than those of the DEGs that were down- and then up-regulated. Therefore, our results suggest that the significantly up- and then down-regulated DEGs are associated with cold hardiness in peach tree shoots. These DEGs, including early light-induced protein 1, chloroplastic, 14-kDa proline-rich protein DC2.15, glutamate dehydrogenase 2, and triacylglycerol lipase 2, could be candidate genes to determine cold hardiness.

THE EFFECT OF LONG EXPOSURE TO LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE COLD HARDINESS OF SPROUTING WHEAT IN THE DARK

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. A. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Winter Mortality ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Cold Hardy

Nine cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ranging from very cold hardy to tender were sprouted in vermiculite at 0.5–1.0 °C for 7 wk in the dark and then placed at 0.5 °C, −2.5 °C, −5 °C, −7.5 °C, or −10 °C for up to 20 wk. Plants held at 0.5 °C progressively lost hardiness. Little change occurred in the hardiness of plants moved to −2.5 °C. There was apparently a small initial increase in hardiness after transfer to −5 °C or −7.5 °C followed by a decline in hardiness. Plants transferred to −10 °C lost hardiness progressively after transfer. These results suggest that part of the reason for late-winter mortality of winter wheats in northern regions of the Canadian prairies is damage from long exposures to temperatures only slightly lower than −5 °C. This damage is manifested by higher LT50 values or lower cold hardiness in late winter and early spring.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., cold hardiness, winter survival

Phomopsis amygdali causes peach shoot blight of cultivated peach trees in the southeastern United States

Mycologia ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Farr ◽  
Lisa A. Castlebury ◽  
Rebecca A. Pardo-Schultheiss
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Shoot Blight ◽  
Peach Trees

COLD-HARDINESS IN FALL AND WINTER ADULTS OF THE SOCIAL WASP POLISTES FUSCATUS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Gibo
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Social Wasp ◽  
Polistes Fuscatus ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adult Insect ◽  
Large Fluctuations ◽  
Cold Hardy

AbstractCold-hardiness was investigated in fall and winter populations of the social wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius), Individuals collected in the fall were able to survive 48 h at −10 °C. Both sexes were equally capable of surviving −5 °C. However, at −7.5 °C and −10.0 °C, females were more cold-hardy than males. About 50% of the overwintering female population were able to survive temperatures as low as −20 °C and monthly temperature fluctuations as great as 30 °C. None of the overwintering females was able to survive 48 h of −25 °C. Adult females of P. fuscatus are able to survive a winter temperature regime that, because of a combination of large fluctuations and low temperatures, is among the most severe reported for any adult insect.

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