Models of Growth and Water use of Wheat in New Zealand

1985 ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Wilson ◽  
P. D. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use

scholarly journals Water Performance Benchmarks for New Zealand: Understanding Water Consumption in Commercial Office Buildings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lee Ellen Bint
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Performance Benchmarks ◽  
Tariff Structures

<p>There is an increasing amount of literature outlining the issues underlying water shortages and restrictions to come in most regions of New Zealand. The problem is not helped by rising demands and climatic changes, as well as both a lack of measured data, and a lack of any demand-side incentives. No attempt has been made to assess how the users of commercial buildings are consuming potable water. There are no benchmarks for water performance in buildings, hindering attempts to improve water efficiency.  This study investigated the water use in 93 Auckland and Wellington commercial office buildings. The data collected from both survey level water audits (on-site investigations, historic billing analysis) and full water audits (water monitoring), were used to develop market-based water performance benchmarks, and a Water Efficiency Rating Tool (WERT). This was done to understand water consumption in these buildings, and to determine the feasibility of using performance based data for the development of a water benchmarking system.  The principal results were in the form of both a benchmarking index system, and the WERT. The benchmarking study found that Net Lettable Area (NLA) was the most statistically and pragmatically appropriate driver for water use. lt also found that, due to the distinct difference in tariff structures and incentives between Auckland and Wellington, different benchmarks for the two regions (Auckland 'Typical' use 0.76m³ / m² / year, and Wellington 'Typical' use 1.03m³ / m² / year) were required.  The WERT calculates a building Water Use Index (WUI- m³ / m² / year) , estimates its end-use disaggregation, and provides recommendations through outlining the financial viability of implementing specific water efficiency measures. This tool utilised six design criteria to ensure target market usability: accuracy (demonstrated at ±8. 5%) ; relevance and realism; practicality; promotion of understanding and action; objectivity; and effective communication.  Further recommendations included satisfying some of the many knowledge gaps present in the New Zealand water industry concerning office building water use. These included: introducing a national legislative or standard document providing guidelines on demand-side management of water; investigation into changing tariff structures to include a volumetric charge for all building types to increase individual awareness and education of water use; research into the durability of water meters; and expanding the research to include other New Zealand regions.</p>

Growth, yield and water use of lentils (Lens culinaris) in Canterbury, New Zealand

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. McKenzie ◽  
G. D. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Lens Culinaris ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

SUMMARYLentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) were sown on eight sowing dates from April to November in two seasons in Canterbury, New Zealand. In 1984/85, six sowing dates were combined with two lentil cultivars (Olympic and Titore) and two irrigation treatments. In 1985/86, Titore was sown on two dates, with four irrigation treatments. An additional experiment grown under rain shelters examined the response of Titore to four irrigation regimes. The 1984/85 season was dry and rainfall was only 70% of the long-term mean. In this season, seed yield was high, 3·3 t/ha from the May sowing. The 1985/86 season was wetter than average and seed yields were lower, ranging from 0·6 to 1·5 t/ha. Under rain shelters, seed yield ranged from the equivalent of 0·32 to 2·5 t/ha.Sowing date had the most marked effect on seed yield. In the 1984/85 season, all autumn and winter sowings yielded 2·4–3·3 t/ha, whereas the spring sowings yielded 0·5–1·5 t/ha. In 1985/86, unirrigated plots from the May sowing yielded 1·5 t/ha, whereas all other plots yielded c. 0·8 t/ha.Generally, the small-seeded cultivar Titore outyielded Olympic. Dry matter (DM) accumulation followed similar trends to seed yield. Seasonal DM accumulation followed a sigmoidal curve. Functional growth analysis indicated that plants from autumn/winter sowings had a weighted mean absolute growth rate of 110–171 kg/ha per day, whereas spring-sown plants grew at 96–137 kg/ha per day. The maximum crop growth rate was 230 kg/ha per day in the July 1984 sowing.There was little positive response to irrigation in both seasons. Under rain shelters, there was a linear increase in both dry matter and seed production with increased total water. Fully irrigated plants produced 1·27 g DM and 0·72 g seed/m2 per mm of water received.In the field experiments there was no relationship between maximum potential soil moisture deficit (D) and yield. Under rain shelters, however, there was a linear relationship which indicated a limiting deficit of c. 130 mm. The relationship showed that, for each millimetre increase in D above D1, 0·39% of the maximum yield was lost.Under the rain shelters, there was a strong relationship between yield and actual evapotranspiration (ET). Water-use efficiency (WUE) ranged from 2·81 g DM/m2 per mm ET in unirrigated plots to 0·69 g seed/m2 per mm ET.The results showed that lentil growers in Canterbury, and presumably in similar environments, are unlikely to benefit from irrigating their crops. In such environments, lentils appear to be an ideal dryland crop.

scholarly journals Irrigation and Ecosystem Services: development of an irrigation model for the LUCI ecosystem services framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Stuart Easton
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Irrigation Application

<p>Poor water quality is currently a major environmental issue worldwide and in New Zealand, where reactive Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) lost from agricultural fields are significant drivers of water quality degradation in rural catchments. Irrigation application to crops is essential to agricultural production however irrigation inputs can increase N and P losses to waterways via drainage and/or overland flow directly and as a result of reduced soil capacity to buffer rainfall events. Indirect nutrient losses are also increased following irrigation implementation due to amplified farming intensity. Furthermore, irrigation applications represent the world’s greatest consumptive use of water. Improving irrigation efficiency with regard to water use represents a synergistic opportunity for the improvement of a number of different ecosystem services including water quality, water supply, and food production.  Spatially explicit modelling of irrigation is needed to determine inefficiencies in water delivery and target these inefficiencies for management or mitigation at sub-field scales. A complimentary need exists for irrigation modelling within ecosystem service decision support tools so that nutrient and water movement can be accurately quantified in irrigated environments.   This thesis describes the development and implementation of SLIM – the Spatially-explicit LUCI Irrigation Model. SLIM adapts existing lumped hydrological and irrigation modelling techniques and practices to a fully distributed, spatially explicit framework, so that sub-field variations in water flows resulting from variable soil properties are accounted for. SLIM is generally applicable across New Zealand, using readily available national scale datasets and literature derived parameters. SLIM is capable of predicting irrigation depth and timing based on common management strategies and irrigation system characteristics, or can replicate irrigation applications where information is available. Outputs from SLIM are designed to assist irrigation management decisions at the field level, and to inform the hydrology component of the Land Utilisation and Capability Indicator (LUCI) ecosystem service assessment framework. Standalone SLIM outputs include time-series files, water balance plots, and raster maps describing the efficiency and efficacy of the modelled irrigation system.   SLIM has been applied in three different agroecosystems in New Zealand under surface, micro, and spray irrigation systems, each characterised by different levels of data availability. Results show that SLIM is able to accurately predict the timing of irrigation applications and provide usable information to inform irrigation application decisions. SLIM outputs emphasise the importance of soil variability with regard to water loss and risk of nutrient leaching. Opportunity exists for irrigation water use efficiency to be improved through targeted management at sub-field scales in New Zealand farming systems.</p>

scholarly journals Irrigation and Ecosystem Services: development of an irrigation model for the LUCI ecosystem services framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Stuart Easton
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Irrigation Application

<p>Poor water quality is currently a major environmental issue worldwide and in New Zealand, where reactive Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorous (P) lost from agricultural fields are significant drivers of water quality degradation in rural catchments. Irrigation application to crops is essential to agricultural production however irrigation inputs can increase N and P losses to waterways via drainage and/or overland flow directly and as a result of reduced soil capacity to buffer rainfall events. Indirect nutrient losses are also increased following irrigation implementation due to amplified farming intensity. Furthermore, irrigation applications represent the world’s greatest consumptive use of water. Improving irrigation efficiency with regard to water use represents a synergistic opportunity for the improvement of a number of different ecosystem services including water quality, water supply, and food production.  Spatially explicit modelling of irrigation is needed to determine inefficiencies in water delivery and target these inefficiencies for management or mitigation at sub-field scales. A complimentary need exists for irrigation modelling within ecosystem service decision support tools so that nutrient and water movement can be accurately quantified in irrigated environments.   This thesis describes the development and implementation of SLIM – the Spatially-explicit LUCI Irrigation Model. SLIM adapts existing lumped hydrological and irrigation modelling techniques and practices to a fully distributed, spatially explicit framework, so that sub-field variations in water flows resulting from variable soil properties are accounted for. SLIM is generally applicable across New Zealand, using readily available national scale datasets and literature derived parameters. SLIM is capable of predicting irrigation depth and timing based on common management strategies and irrigation system characteristics, or can replicate irrigation applications where information is available. Outputs from SLIM are designed to assist irrigation management decisions at the field level, and to inform the hydrology component of the Land Utilisation and Capability Indicator (LUCI) ecosystem service assessment framework. Standalone SLIM outputs include time-series files, water balance plots, and raster maps describing the efficiency and efficacy of the modelled irrigation system.   SLIM has been applied in three different agroecosystems in New Zealand under surface, micro, and spray irrigation systems, each characterised by different levels of data availability. Results show that SLIM is able to accurately predict the timing of irrigation applications and provide usable information to inform irrigation application decisions. SLIM outputs emphasise the importance of soil variability with regard to water loss and risk of nutrient leaching. Opportunity exists for irrigation water use efficiency to be improved through targeted management at sub-field scales in New Zealand farming systems.</p>

Water use in the Valetta Irrigation Scheme, Canterbury, New Zealand

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Duncan ◽  
D. R. Maidment ◽  
F. O. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Scheme

Soil moisture and water use by pastures and silvopastures in a sub-humid temperate climate in New Zealand

2008 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Pollock ◽  
Donald J. Mead ◽  
B. A. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Temperate Climate

scholarly journals Visualising the Invisible: Displaying Building Resource-use Benchmarks in a 3D City Visualisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alex Josephine Hills
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Building Stock

<p>This thesis proposes a reinvention of the means of presenting statistical data about 3D urban environments. Conventional GIS use of 3D ’enhances’ hard to understand 2D maps with even harder-to-understand histograms of data. The goal is to demonstrate the means by which data on energy and water-use in buildings can be used to enhance familiar 3D interactive city environments and be made accessible to the widest possible audience. Ultimately, resource benchmarks and other related publicly available information about the built environment could be presented in this highly accessible form. All information would be database driven, so automatically updateable. From this basic platform, applications that allow people to compare their own private records with public norms are easily constructed: a world where a building owner can compare their energy records with benchmarks for similar buildings and take action to improve if necessary, or to advertise accomplishments.  This study draws on data from the ‘BEES’ Building Energy End-use Study - a BRANZ research project documenting energy and water use in New Zealand commercial buildings. During the study a ‘Websearch’ survey was conducted, building a detailed picture of non-residential building stock in New Zealand with data collected on building typologies, characteristics and surroundings. A thorough research methodology was developed to ensure that high level data could be collected from 3,000 randomly selected buildings within the budget allocated for the project. The data was examined for quality, building characteristics and typology mix and a valuable layer of detail was added by inferring additional information from the basic Websearch dataset. Where sub-samples used in the BEES study were subject to refusal / survey participation rates, the level of potential bias in the mix of building typologies could be tested and allowances made. Energy and water use data collected for a random subset of the sample, could then be applied as benchmarks to the census of New Zealand commercial buildings.  In order to trial the communication of the benchmark results to the widest possible audience, an automated 3D city visualisation ‘pilot’ was generated of the Wellington Central Business District and a number of graphic tools were brought together to make the information publicly accessible and as useful as possible. The overall aim was to test the feasibility of applying this technique at a national level.  The research revealed three major recommendations: firstly, a national unique building identifier is required to ensure the accuracy of national building data and enable statistical results about the built environment to be accurately and reliably applied to real buildings; secondly, resource use data in 3D format is urgently required to improve the value of sustainable properties; lastly, creating a significant impact on building stock efficiency will depend upon the engagement of a wider audience. Developed further, this visualisation will enable construction professionals, building owners, developers and tenants to understand the built environment and implications of building design and typology on energy and water use.</p>

scholarly journals Visualising the Invisible: Displaying Building Resource-use Benchmarks in a 3D City Visualisation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alex Josephine Hills
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Commercial Buildings ◽  
Building Stock

<p>This thesis proposes a reinvention of the means of presenting statistical data about 3D urban environments. Conventional GIS use of 3D ’enhances’ hard to understand 2D maps with even harder-to-understand histograms of data. The goal is to demonstrate the means by which data on energy and water-use in buildings can be used to enhance familiar 3D interactive city environments and be made accessible to the widest possible audience. Ultimately, resource benchmarks and other related publicly available information about the built environment could be presented in this highly accessible form. All information would be database driven, so automatically updateable. From this basic platform, applications that allow people to compare their own private records with public norms are easily constructed: a world where a building owner can compare their energy records with benchmarks for similar buildings and take action to improve if necessary, or to advertise accomplishments.  This study draws on data from the ‘BEES’ Building Energy End-use Study - a BRANZ research project documenting energy and water use in New Zealand commercial buildings. During the study a ‘Websearch’ survey was conducted, building a detailed picture of non-residential building stock in New Zealand with data collected on building typologies, characteristics and surroundings. A thorough research methodology was developed to ensure that high level data could be collected from 3,000 randomly selected buildings within the budget allocated for the project. The data was examined for quality, building characteristics and typology mix and a valuable layer of detail was added by inferring additional information from the basic Websearch dataset. Where sub-samples used in the BEES study were subject to refusal / survey participation rates, the level of potential bias in the mix of building typologies could be tested and allowances made. Energy and water use data collected for a random subset of the sample, could then be applied as benchmarks to the census of New Zealand commercial buildings.  In order to trial the communication of the benchmark results to the widest possible audience, an automated 3D city visualisation ‘pilot’ was generated of the Wellington Central Business District and a number of graphic tools were brought together to make the information publicly accessible and as useful as possible. The overall aim was to test the feasibility of applying this technique at a national level.  The research revealed three major recommendations: firstly, a national unique building identifier is required to ensure the accuracy of national building data and enable statistical results about the built environment to be accurately and reliably applied to real buildings; secondly, resource use data in 3D format is urgently required to improve the value of sustainable properties; lastly, creating a significant impact on building stock efficiency will depend upon the engagement of a wider audience. Developed further, this visualisation will enable construction professionals, building owners, developers and tenants to understand the built environment and implications of building design and typology on energy and water use.</p>

scholarly journals Refreshing Water and Valuing the Priceless

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Crampton
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nutrient Load ◽  
Barriers To Success ◽  
Management Institutions ◽  
Market Solutions ◽  
Water Catchment ◽  
Geospatial Mapping

The most promising way of reducing water use and nutrient load in overburdened catchments builds on the same kind of policy New Zealand is developing to reduce greenhouse gas emissions: cap-andtrade systems that operate at the water catchment level. Because cap-and-trade approaches are more cost-effective than other regulatory approaches, they allow us to do more good at less cost than other alternatives. Developments in smart-market technology and geospatial mapping allow for smart-market solutions that overcome barriers to success in existing trading arrangements. And, if initial rights allocations respect both the existing use rights of current users and incipient iwi water claims, they build a powerful constituency in favour of environmental management institutions that can withstand changes in government.

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