Screening, Early Diagnosis, Genetic Markers, and Predictors of Diabetic Nephropathy

Background. Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide. Microalbuminuria is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is an inadequate marker for early diagnosis. MicroRNAs are not only new and promising markers for early diagnosis but also, but they may also play a role in the prevention of disease progression. Methods. This study included ninety patients with type 2 DM in addition to 30 control subjects. MicroRNA-451 expression in blood and plasma using real-time PCR was evaluated in addition to the classic diabetic nephropathy markers (serum creatinine, urinary albumin, and eGFR). Results. There was a significant difference between the studied groups versus control regarding serum creatinine, eGFR, urinary, and plasma microRNA-451 with p=0.0001. Patients with eGFR 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 showed a significantly higher plasma microRNA-451 (29.6 ± 1.6) and significantly lower urinary microRNA-451 (21 ± 0.9) in comparison to patients with eGFR >60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and p=0.0001. eGFR showed a positive correlation with urinary microRNA-451 and negative correlation with both plasma microRNA-451 and urinary albumin. Both plasma and urinary microRNA-451 are highly sensitive and specific markers for chronicity in diabetic nephropathy patients with sensitivity of 90.9% and 95.5% and specificity of 67.6% and 95.6%, respectively. Conclusion. MicroRNA-451 is a promising early biomarker for chronic kidney disease in diabetic nephropathy with high sensitivity and specificity.

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The changes of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in T2DM and its clinical significance for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice ◽

10.1016/j.diabres.2009.05.008 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 166-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Qiu-yue Wang ◽

Qing-hua Guan ◽

Fen-qin Chen

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Growth Factor ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Significance ◽

Platelet Derived Growth Factor

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Current Challenges in Diabetic Nephropathy: Early Diagnosis and Ways to Improve Outcomes

Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.3803/enm.2016.31.2.245 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 245 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Sang Soo Kim ◽

Jong Ho Kim ◽

In Joo Kim

Keyword(s):

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Early Diagnosis

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Urinary Biomarkers in the Assessment of Early Diabetic Nephropathy

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2016/4626125 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Cristina Gluhovschi ◽

Gheorghe Gluhovschi ◽

Ligia Petrica ◽

Romulus Timar ◽

Silvia Velciov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Tubular Injury ◽

Inflammation Markers ◽

Vascular Biomarkers ◽

Early Diabetic Nephropathy ◽

Biomarkers Of Oxidative Stress

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent and severe complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Its diagnosis in incipient stages may allow prompt interventions and an improved prognosis. Towards this aim, biomarkers for detecting early DN can be used. Microalbuminuria has been proven a remarkably useful biomarker, being used for diagnosis of DN, for assessing its associated condition—mainly cardiovascular ones—and for monitoring its progression. New researches are pointing that some of these biomarkers (i.e., glomerular, tubular, inflammation markers, and biomarkers of oxidative stress) precede albuminuria in some patients. However, their usefulness is widely debated in the literature and has not yet led to the validation of a new “gold standard” biomarker for the early diagnosis of DN. Currently, microalbuminuria is an important biomarker for both glomerular and tubular injury. Other glomerular biomarkers (transferrin and ceruloplasmin) are under evaluation. Tubular biomarkers in DN seem to be of a paramount importance in the early diagnosis of DN since tubular lesions occur early. Additionally, biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, podocyte biomarkers, and vascular biomarkers have been employed for assessing early DN. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current biomarkers used for the diagnosis of early DN.

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