The Role of Glutamine Synthetase in the Glutamine Independence in Mammary Tissue

2014 ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Hsiu-Ni Kung ◽  
Jen-Tsan Chi
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Mammary Tissue

NEURAL FACTORS IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RAT

1967 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. EDWARDSON ◽  
J. T. EAYRS
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Endocrine Response ◽  
Peripheral Innervation ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Neural Factors

SUMMARY The role of the peripheral innervation of mammary tissue in the maintenance of lactation has been investigated by the procedure of selective thelectomy combined with denervation of the posterior thoracic nipples. When suckling is restricted to a single pair of nipples bilateral transection of the three adjacent nerves supplying a nipple arrests lactation completely; partial denervation is associated with a reduced level of lactational performance which is directly related to the concentration of the residual innervation. Increase in litter size is associated with an overall increase in milk-yield up to a limit beyond which the addition of further young to the litter is without effect. It is inferred that there is a quantitative relationship between the neural stimulus of suckling and the endocrine response of the hypothalamopituitary system.

scholarly journals The Overexpression of Glutamine Synthetase in Transgenic Poplar: A Review

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 278-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Kirby ◽  
F. Gallardo ◽  
H. Man ◽  
R. El-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract In investigating the pivotal role of glutamine synthetase in woody plant development, we have strived to develop an understanding of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms whereby enhanced expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in poplar contributes to vegetative growth through enhanced nitrogen use efficiency. Considerable effort has also centered on characterization of enhanced resistance of transgenic GS overexpressor lines to abiotic stresses and proposed mechanisms. This summary of our work also focuses on future applications in forest tree improvement.

Estrogen Decreases Chemokine Levels in Murine Mammary Tissue: Implications for the Regulatory Role of MIP-1 Alpha and MCP-1/JE in Mammary Tumor Formation

Endocrine ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fanti ◽  
Michael Nazareth ◽  
Robert Bucelli ◽  
Michael Mineo ◽  
Kathleen Gibbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Tumor ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Regulatory Role ◽  
Mammary Tissue

scholarly journals Role of the complex upstream region of the GDH2 gene in nitrogen regulation of the NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 6229-6247 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Miller ◽  
B Magasanik
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Glutamine Synthetase ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Glutamate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Lacz Fusion ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
In Cells

We analyzed the upstream region of the GDH2 gene, which encodes the NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for elements important for the regulation of the gene by the nitrogen source. The levels of this enzyme are high in cells grown with glutamate as the sole source of nitrogen and low in cells grown with glutamine or ammonium. We found that this regulation occurs at the level of transcription and that a total of six sites are required to cause a CYC1-lacZ fusion to the GDH2 gene to be regulated in the same manner as the NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase. Two sites behaved as upstream activation sites (UASs). The remaining four sites were found to block the effects of the two UASs in such a way that the GDH2-CYC1-lacZ fusion was not expressed unless the cells containing it were grown under conditions favorable for the activity of both UASs. This complex regulatory system appears to account for the fact that GDH2 expression is exquisitely sensitive to glutamine, whereas the expression of GLN1, coding for glutamine synthetase, is not nearly as sensitive.

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