This chapter examines the ambiguous role of religiously affiliated charitable organizations within the field of social justice work in Russia and how these organizations promote new ethics and practices of humaneness, civility, and civic engagement in their social welfare work. Specifically, religiously affiliated charitable organizations creatively play with both the official and unofficial criteria and terminology for different types of organizations and assistance – development, charity, humanitarianism, nongovernmental, religious, and secular – in ways that enable them to work both outside and alongside state organizations. In so doing, not only do they trouble distinctions between secular and religious, state and non-state, governmental and nongovernmental, but they also contribute to a different form of civil society and civil activism in Russia.