The manufacturing industry is undergoing drastic changes owing to a steep rise in business competition and growing complexities in other business perspectives. The highly turbulent market is characterized by ever-increasing mass customization, wide volume-mix, shorter lead time, and low cost, which along with varieties of internal disturbances have complicated the business stability. The multi-agent-based systems comprising of fundamental entities called agents and characterized by autonomy, cooperation, and self-organizing abilities have already made remarkable breakthrough to deal with the challenges through increased robustness, scalability, and enhanced adaptability through their dynamic capabilities. The decision-making ability of the agents can be augmented if equipped with cognitive abilities like that of human beings. The chapter discusses cyber-physical production system (CPPS) to realize cognitive manufacturing in non-conventional machining environments.