Technological Metallurgical Production on the Bronze Age of Eurasia and Their Linkages with Social Processes

Author(s):  
Stanislav A. Grigoriev
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (35) ◽  
pp. eabi6941
Author(s):  
Luka Papac ◽  
Michal Ernée ◽  
Miroslav Dobeš ◽  
Michaela Langová ◽  
Adam B. Rohrlach ◽  
...  

Europe’s prehistory oversaw dynamic and complex interactions of diverse societies, hitherto unexplored at detailed regional scales. Studying 271 human genomes dated ~4900 to 1600 BCE from the European heartland, Bohemia, we reveal unprecedented genetic changes and social processes. Major migrations preceded the arrival of “steppe” ancestry, and at ~2800 BCE, three genetically and culturally differentiated groups coexisted. Corded Ware appeared by 2900 BCE, were initially genetically diverse, did not derive all steppe ancestry from known Yamnaya, and assimilated females of diverse backgrounds. Both Corded Ware and Bell Beaker groups underwent dynamic changes, involving sharp reductions and complete replacements of Y-chromosomal diversity at ~2600 and ~2400 BCE, respectively, the latter accompanied by increased Neolithic-like ancestry. The Bronze Age saw new social organization emerge amid a ≥40% population turnover.


Author(s):  
А.Н. Гей

На основании недавней находки двух повозок и необычного сиденья-кресла в новотиторовской культуре (погребение 21 кургана 4 Межкирпильского I могильника в степном Прикубанье), вероятных аналогий ей в материалах ямной и катакомбных культур Причерноморья и Предкавказья, а также беденской культуры на территории Грузии ставится вопрос о сложении особой, престижной формы погребального обряда с использованием двух повозок и кресла-трона. Возможные реплики его имеются и южнее, в Месопотамии (некрополь Ура). Специальный культ трона существовал у хеттов, две повозки и трон фигурируют и в хеттском царском погребальном ритуале, известном по письменным источникам. Хронологический приоритет подобных находок в новотиторовской культуре (29-28 вв. до н. э.) перед относящимся к беденской культуре курганом 3 Ананаури (24 в. до н. э.), тем более перед хеттскими табличками II тыс. до н. э., говорит в пользу сложения данного ритуала в среде степных курганных культур с последующим распространением в Закавказье и Анатолию. Что в свою очередь представляет интерес для реконструкции социальных процессов в различных культурах бронзового века, а также для выяснения путей проникновения групп носителей индоевропейских диалектов в Анатолийско-Месопотамский регион. The recent discovery of two wagons and an unusual chair looking like an armchair attributed to the Novotitorovka culture (grave 21, kurgan 4, Mezhkirpilsky I burial ground in the steppe Kuban region), and likely analogies to this find in the Yamnaya and Catacomb assemblages from the Black Sea maritime steppes and the Fore-Caucasus as well as the Bedeni culture in Georgia raise the issue of emergence of a special, prestigious form of the funerary rite with the use of two wagons and an armchair that looks like a throne. Likely replicas have been found further to the south in Mesopotamia (the Ur cemetery). A special cult of the throne existed among the Hittites for example, two wagons and a throne feature in the Hittite kingly funerary rite is known from written sources. The chronological priority of such finds in the Novotitorovka culture (2900-2800 СalBC) regarding kurgan 3 of Ananauri (2400 CalBC) attributed to the Bedeni culture, and, in particular, Hittite tablets dating to 2000 BC argues in favor of development of this rite among the steppe kurgan cultures with its subsequent dissemination in the South Caucasus and Anatolia. This fact is interesting for reconstruction of social processes in various Bronze Age cultures as well as clarification of the routes via which speakers of Indo-European dialects penetrated the Anatolia-Mesopotamia region.


1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
John A Atkinson ◽  
Camilla Dickson ◽  
Jane Downes ◽  
Paul Robins ◽  
David Sanderson

Summary Two small burnt mounds were excavated as part of the programme to mitigate the impact of motorway construction in the Crawford area. The excavations followed a research strategy designed to address questions of date and function. This paper surveys the various competing theories about burnt mounds and how the archaeological evidence was evaluated against those theories. Both sites produced radiocarbon dates from the Bronze Age and evidence to suggest that they were cooking places. In addition, a short account is presented of two further burnt mounds discovered during the construction of the motorway in Annandale.


2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-128
Author(s):  
Gavin Macgregor ◽  
Irene Cullen ◽  
Diane Alldritt ◽  
Michael Donnelly ◽  
Jennifer Miller ◽  
...  

Summary A programme of archaeological work was undertaken by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) at West Flank Road, Drumchapel, in close proximity to the site of the prehistoric cemetery of Knappers. This paper considers the results of excavation of a range of negative features, including earlier Neolithic and Bronze Age pits and postholes. The earlier Neolithic features date to c. 3500–3000 BC and are interpreted as the partial remains of a subrectangular structure. The Bronze Age features may relate to ceremonial activities in the wider area. The significance of these remains is considered in relation to the site of Knappers and wider traditions during the fourth to second millennia BC.


2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Brendan O'Connor
Keyword(s):  

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila Grecian ◽  
Safwaan Adam ◽  
Akheel Syed
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  

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