scholarly journals THRONE-LIKE ARMCHAIRS AND WAGONSIN THE BRONZE AGE СULTURES OF THE CIRCUMPONTIC AREA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Н. Гей
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Written Sources

На основании недавней находки двух повозок и необычного сиденья-кресла в новотиторовской культуре (погребение 21 кургана 4 Межкирпильского I могильника в степном Прикубанье), вероятных аналогий ей в материалах ямной и катакомбных культур Причерноморья и Предкавказья, а также беденской культуры на территории Грузии ставится вопрос о сложении особой, престижной формы погребального обряда с использованием двух повозок и кресла-трона. Возможные реплики его имеются и южнее, в Месопотамии (некрополь Ура). Специальный культ трона существовал у хеттов, две повозки и трон фигурируют и в хеттском царском погребальном ритуале, известном по письменным источникам. Хронологический приоритет подобных находок в новотиторовской культуре (29-28 вв. до н. э.) перед относящимся к беденской культуре курганом 3 Ананаури (24 в. до н. э.), тем более перед хеттскими табличками II тыс. до н. э., говорит в пользу сложения данного ритуала в среде степных курганных культур с последующим распространением в Закавказье и Анатолию. Что в свою очередь представляет интерес для реконструкции социальных процессов в различных культурах бронзового века, а также для выяснения путей проникновения групп носителей индоевропейских диалектов в Анатолийско-Месопотамский регион. The recent discovery of two wagons and an unusual chair looking like an armchair attributed to the Novotitorovka culture (grave 21, kurgan 4, Mezhkirpilsky I burial ground in the steppe Kuban region), and likely analogies to this find in the Yamnaya and Catacomb assemblages from the Black Sea maritime steppes and the Fore-Caucasus as well as the Bedeni culture in Georgia raise the issue of emergence of a special, prestigious form of the funerary rite with the use of two wagons and an armchair that looks like a throne. Likely replicas have been found further to the south in Mesopotamia (the Ur cemetery). A special cult of the throne existed among the Hittites for example, two wagons and a throne feature in the Hittite kingly funerary rite is known from written sources. The chronological priority of such finds in the Novotitorovka culture (2900-2800 СalBC) regarding kurgan 3 of Ananauri (2400 CalBC) attributed to the Bedeni culture, and, in particular, Hittite tablets dating to 2000 BC argues in favor of development of this rite among the steppe kurgan cultures with its subsequent dissemination in the South Caucasus and Anatolia. This fact is interesting for reconstruction of social processes in various Bronze Age cultures as well as clarification of the routes via which speakers of Indo-European dialects penetrated the Anatolia-Mesopotamia region.

II.—The Bronze Age in Macedonia

Archaeologia ◽  
1925 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 73-88
Author(s):  
Stanley Casson
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
The South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
South Eastern Europe ◽  
The Bronze Age

In most text-books of archaeology the section dealing with the Bronze Age in the Aegean invariably refers us to the culture of Crete and Mycenae. Under the heading of ‘South-Eastern Europe’ we are usually given an account of the Bronze Age of Hungary and the Danubian area. But between these two regions lies an area which is, as yet, almost entirely uncharted by archaeologists, an area which, from its position, is one of the most important in Southern Europe. Between the Danube and the Aegean, the Black Sea and the hills that hem in the river Vardar on its right bank, lies an area across which, by rigidly limited routes, have passed all intrusive elements from Asia and all invading elements into Asia, either by way of the South Russian Steppe or across the Dardanelles and Bosporus.

scholarly journals Experiencing Europeanization in the Black Sea and South Caucasus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Reisner
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Governance Reform ◽  
European Studies ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Norm Diffusion ◽  
The Eu

The book series European Studies in the Caucasus offers innovative perspectives on regional studies of the Caucasus. By embracing the South Caucasus as well as Turkey and Russia, it moves away from a traditional viewpoint of European Studies that considers the countries of the region as objects of Europeanization. This second volume demonstrates this by looking into forms of inter-regionalism in the Black Sea–South Caucasus area in fields of economic cooperation, Europeanization of energy and environmental policies, discussing how the region is addressed in the elaboration of a new German Eastern Policy. In the section on norm diffusion, the contributors assess the normative power strategy of the EU and its paradoxes in the region, its impact on civil society development in Armenia, and democracy promotion in Georgia. In the section on legal approximation, issues of a global climate change regime and competition law in Georgia as well as penitentiary governance reform in the South Caucasus according to EU standards and policies are analyzed. All contributions also review regional or local contestations for the topics discussed here.

Northern Anatolia before Classical Times

1956 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 179-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
North Side ◽  
Maritime Climate ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Eastern Half

That part of northern Anatolia known in Greek and Roman times as Bithynia and Paphlagonia comprises a number of high ridges running from west to east, through which the rivers break their way in their tortuous courses down to the Black Sea. The region discussed in this article in fact comprises Paphlagonia, the eastern half of Bithynia and part of Phrygia, from the lower Sakarya to the mouth of the Halys; but, since these names do not apply to the Bronze Age, the whole will be termed northern Anatolia. As far south as the crest of the main ridge bounding the Anatolian plateau along its north side the land has a maritime climate quite different from that of either the plateau or the Mediterranean coast: rainfall is abundant, even at times in the summer; deciduous forests cover these north-facing slopes, right to the top. Sinop provides the best natural harbour on this coast. The change to the steppe country of the plateau is abrupt.

FINDINGS ON THE COMPOSITION OF NON-FERROUS METAL OBTAINED FROM THE BURIAL GROUNDS OF THE BRONZE AGE IN THE SOUTH URALS (TAVLYKAEVO 1-2, STARO-YABALAKLY)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
I.I. BAKHSHIEV ◽  
◽  
E.V. KAMALEEV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
South Urals ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
General Description ◽  
The South ◽  
Tin Alloys ◽  
Common Category ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article presents the results of elemental analysis of the composition of metal objects obtained from the burial grounds dating back to the Srubna culture of the South Urals. The data were received through analyzing the most common category of jewelry - bronze bracelets. The prevailing shapes are open grooved bracelets with rounded ends, as well as bracelets made of rods and twisted wires with semicircular and triangular sections. The main purpose of this work is to give a general description of the oldest metal composition and compare the series of findings from the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals. The first stage of the work involved examination of 10 samples of the Trans-Ural group of objects from Tavlykaevo 1 and 2 burials and 7 decorations from the Srubna burials of the Staro-Yabalakly necropolis (Cis-Urals). The principal metallurgical group includes tin bronzes with three-component alloys of copper, tin and lead or copper, tin and antimony. In terms of its composition, the series of findings under study was quite clearly differentiated. In the Trans-Ural assemblages, objects with addition of lead were primarily found in the burials of Tavlykaevo I burial ground, while in Tavlykaevo 2 burial ground, copper-tin alloys with antimony inclusions prevailed. In the Staro-Yabalakly necropolis, a single object might contain an admixture of antimony and lead. Depending on the elemental composition of non-ferrous metals in various categories of objects, it is hypothetically possible to reconstruct the directions of metal supply to the South Urals and characterize the local features of the metallurgy development in this region in the Bronze Age.

scholarly journals SCYTHIAN GRAVE OF THE MOUND ORLYKOVA MOHILA IN THE SOUTH OF KIROVOGRAD REGION

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-181
Author(s):  
S. A. Skory ◽  
A. P. Orlik ◽  
R. V. Zymovets ◽  
D. V. Karavaiko
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Metal Shell ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Found Objects ◽  
Funeral Ritual ◽  
The Village ◽  
High Social Status ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article publishes research materials of the Scythian burial intake from the excavations of the mound Orlikova Mogila near the village Bogdanovka, Bobrynetsky district of Kirovograd region (Northern part of the Black Sea Right-Bank Steppe). The grave was built in an earlier mound of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age burial was located in the center and completely destroyed by Scythian grave. After the Scythian burial, the embankment was significantly enlarged, and also strengthened by stone krepida. By the time of the excavation, the mound had a height of more than 3.0 m and a diameter of more than 30 m. Scythian tomb had dimensions of 4 Ч 3 m and a depth of 2.8 m. From above it was covered with wooden deck and stone laying. Despite the devastating repeated robberies, the monument contains artifacts that can be interpreted as grave of a heavily armed warrior — man of 30—50 years old with a high social status. The deceased was accompanied by two dependent persons. Fragments of a metal shell made of plates, arrowheads, and fragments of two antique amphorae were found in the grave. Of great interest are the finds of bronze parts of a horse harness, located among the stones on the embankment. All these objects have traces of intentional damage, which, undoubtedly, is associated with a certain funeral ritual. Found objects, especially fragments of ancient amphorae, date the Scythian grave at the end of the 5th century BC. The appearance of such structures in the mounds of the Scythian pores in the northern limits of the steppe Black Sea region, apparently, should be associated with the promotion of Scythian nomads from the more southern regions

Classical History: a Sketch, with Three Artifacts

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. WISEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Greek City ◽  
Evidential Value ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
City States ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Bronze Age

This chapter examines the chronological range of Greco-Roman history and the nature of the main narrative sources. The discussion begins about 1200 BCE, with the end of the Bronze Age palace culture, conventionally called Mycenaean. The destruction of the palace centres – at Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos, and Thebes – was responsible for preserving the ‘Linear B’ tablets, which form the earliest evidence for the Greek language. By the sixth century, Greek city-states were established widely round the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This is the time of what is sometimes called ‘the Greek miracle’, the origin of philosophy and science as well as historiography. The chapter draws attention to three archaeological discoveries and the way their evidential value has been assessed: a gold mask, discovered in 1876 in the first of the ‘shaft graves’ at Mycenae, the so-called tomb of Agamemnon; an artefact discovered in 1977 by the Dutch archaeological team excavating the temple of Matuta at the Latin town of Satricum; and a gold bulb, or locket, discovered in 1794.

Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Blauvelt
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Political ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
Political Networks ◽  
Great Leader ◽  
Autonomous Republic

Abkhazia during the Stalin era was at the same time a subtropical haven where the great leader and his lieutenants built grand dachas and took extended holidays away from Moscow, and also a key piece in the continuing chess match of Soviet politics. This paper will examine how and why this small, sunny autonomous republic on the Black Sea, and the political networks that developed there, played a prominent role in the politics of the south Caucasus region and in Soviet politics as a whole during the Stalin period.

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