scholarly journals The Reality of the Promised Increase in Customer Protection Under the Insurance Distribution Directive

2020 ◽  
pp. 395-439
Author(s):  
Christian Bo Kolding-Krøger ◽  
Regitze Aalykke Hansen ◽  
Amelie Brofeldt
Keyword(s):  
Product Information ◽  
Presentation Format ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Insurance Product ◽  
Consumer Testing

AbstractThis chapter examines whether the rules regarding Insurance Product Information Documents mandated in Article 20 of the Insurance Distribution Directive, have, in reality, resulted in policyholders being able to easily and transparently compare different offers in the pre-contractual phase to determine whether an insurance product is appropriate for the policyholder.The format of the Insurance Product Information Document has been determined following thorough analytical work (such as EIOPA’s Draft Implementing Technical Standards concerning a standardised presentation format for the Insurance Product Information Document of the Insurance Distribution Directive of 7 February 2017, EIOPA-17/056, including the related consumer testing and consultations.). However, there are no guidelines or rules for insurers to follow when completing the Insurance Product Information Document. Based on an examination of selected insurance products from various insurers, this chapter concludes that there is a significant discrepancy between how different insurers complete the Insurance Product Information Documents. Such discrepancy occurs even when the cover offered by the insurers is identical or almost identical. This chapter discusses whether this is expedient and whether there is a need to draw up guidelines or rules on the completion of the Insurance Product Information Document in order to provide instructions to the insurers and to allow customers to make informed comparisons of insurance products.On the whole, this chapter concludes that there is a need for at least guidelines, if not regulation, if the Insurance Product Information Document is to be an effective and useful basis for comparison in the pre-contractual phase.

A Comparison of Four Adolescent Language Tests

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jane Lieberman ◽  
Ann Marie C. Heffron ◽  
Stephanie J. West ◽  
Edward C. Hutchinson ◽  
Thomas W. Swem
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Language Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sixth Grade Students ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Selection Of

Four recently developed adolescent language tests, the Fullerton Test for Adolescents (FLTA), the Test of Adolescent Language (TOAL), the Clinical Evaluation of Language Functions (CELF), and the Screening Test of Adolescent Language (STAL), were compared to determine: (a) whether they measured the same language skills (content) in the same way (procedures); and (b) whether students performed similarly on each of the tests. First, respective manuals were reviewed to compare selection of subtest content areas and subtest procedures. Then, each of the tests was administered according to standardized procedures to 30 unselected sixth-grade students. Despite apparent differences in test content and procedures, there was no significant difference in students' performance on three of the four tests, and correlations among test performance were moderate to high. A comparison of the pass/fail rates for overall performance on the tests, however, revealed a significant discrepancy between the proportions of students identified in need of further evaluation on the STAL (20%) and the proportion diagnosed as language impaired on the three diagnostic tests (60-73%). Clinical implications are discussed.

Job Validation Studies and Physical Agility Testing: Is the Vendor Telling You What They Think You Want or Are You Telling Them What You Need?

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
E. Randolph Soo Hoo ◽  
Stephen L. Demeter
Keyword(s):  
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ◽  
Job Analysis ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Systematic Method ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Physical Abilities ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Key Terms

Abstract Referring agents may ask independent medical evaluators if the examinee can return to work in either a normal or a restricted capacity; similarly, employers may ask external parties to conduct this type of assessment before a hire or after an injury. Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) are used to measure agility and strength, but they have limitations and use technical jargon or concepts that can be confusing. This article clarifies key terms and concepts related to FCEs. The basic approach to a job analysis is to collect information about the job using a variety of methods, analyze the data, and summarize the data to determine specific factors required for the job. No single, optimal job analysis or validation method is applicable to every work situation or company, but the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission offers technical standards for each type of validity study. FCEs are a systematic method of measuring an individual's ability to perform various activities, and results are matched to descriptions of specific work-related tasks. Results of physical abilities/agilities tests are reported as “matching” or “not matching” job demands or “pass” or “fail” meeting job criteria. Individuals who fail an employment physical agility test often challenge the results on the basis that the test was poorly conducted, that the test protocol was not reflective of the job, or that levels for successful completion were inappropriate.

From Craft to Institution: Accounting in Italy from the Middle ages to the Early Modern Period

2012 ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Medieval Italy ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Professional Field

The article describes the evolution of accounting from the simple registration technique to economic and social institution in medieval Italy. We used methods of institutional analysis and historical research. It is shown that the institutionalization of accounting had been completed by the XIV century, when it became a system of codified technical standards, scholar discipline and a professional field. We examine the interrelations of this process with business environment, political, social, economic and cultural factors of Italy by the XII—XVI centuries. Stages of institutionalization are outlined.

PHENOLIC METABOLITES OF DL-NORGESTREL: A METHOD FOR THE REMOVAL OF 1-HYDROXYLATED METABOLITES, POTENTIAL SOURCES OF PHENOLIC ARTIFACTS

1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel F. Sisenwine ◽  
Ann L. Liu ◽  
Hazel B. Kimmel ◽  
Hans W. Ruelius
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Metabolites ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phenolic Metabolites ◽  
Hydroxylated Metabolites ◽  
Analytical Work ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Alkaline Conditions ◽  
Artifact Formation ◽  
Work Up

ABSTRACT The identification of 1β-hydroxynorgestrel among the urinary metabolites of dl-norgestrel and the facile transformation of this compound under mild alkaline conditions to a potentially oestrogenic phenol provide an experimental basis for the conclusion advanced by others that the oestrogens present in the urine of subjects treated with synthetic progestens are artifacts formed during analytical work-up. A method has been devised which eliminates 1-hydroxylated metabolites as potential sources of phenolic artifacts. This method is based on the reduction by NaBH4 of the 1-hydroxy-4-en-3-one grouping in the A ring thereby excluding the possibility of aromatization during later fractionation on a basic ion exchange resin that separates neutral from phenolic metabolites. In the urines of women treated with 14C-dl-nogestrel, only 0.17–0.27% of the dose is found to have phenolic properties when this method is used. Two of the phenolic metabolites, 18-homoethynyloestradiol and 16β-hydroxy-18-homoethynyloestradiol, are present in amounts smaller than 0.01 % of the dose. Without the reduction steps the percentages are noticeably higher, indicating artifact formation under alkaline conditions. Similar results were obtained with urines from African Green Monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) that had been dosed with 14C-dl-norgestrel. Radiolabelled 18-homoethynyloestradiol and 16β-hydroxy-18-homoethynyloestradiol were isolated from monkey urine and their identity confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

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