Green and Sustainable Biomass Processing for Fuels and Chemicals

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-44
Author(s):  
Kamaldeep Sharma ◽  
Saqib Sohail Toor ◽  
Ayaz Ali Shah ◽  
Lasse Aistrup Rosendahl
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

Biomass conversion to fuels and value-added chemicals: A comprehensive review of the thermochemical processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 03 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erasmus Muh ◽  
Fouzi Tabet ◽  
Sofiane Amara
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Biomass Feedstock ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Thermochemical Processing ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Conversion Technologies

Aims: This paper reviews extensively the thermochemical processing of biomass to fuels and high-value chemicals, with more emphasis on the process performance, conditions, and weaknesses. The important chemical compositions of biomass feedstock, their conversion technologies and most importantly, the role of catalysis in their conversion to fuels, fuel additives, based chemicals, and added-value chemicals are also discussed. Background: Fossil fuels have fueled the world economy for decades. However, given their unlimited nature, fluctuating prices and the escalating environmental concerns, there is the urgent need to develop and valorize cheaper, cleaner and sustainable alternative energy sources to curb these challenges. Biomass represents a valid alternative to fossil fuels, especially for fuel and chemical production as it represents the only natural organic renewable resource with vast abundance. A vast array of conversion technologies is used to process biomass from one form to another, to release energy, high-value products or chemical intermediates. Objective: To extensively review the thermochemical processing of biomass to fuels and high-value chemicals, and to discuss important chemical compositions of biomass feedstock, their conversion technologies and most importantly, the role of catalysis in their conversion to fuels, fuel additives, based chemicals, and added-value chemicals. Method: Extensive review and analysis of prominent scientific papers in bioenergy Result: Biomass has a huge potential for climate change mitigations and almost all fossil-derived fuels and chemicals are obtainable from biomass using appropriate processing techniques Conclusion: There is a huge prospect for fuel and chemical production from biomass, as it is a very rich source of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and high-value chemicals or high-density energy and chemical precursors. Other: Biomass processing to fuels and chemicals has promising future prospects for sustainable large-scale biomass processing, especially in the modern biorefinery.

In Situ Observation of Catalyzed Gasification of Graphite by Nickel

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 76-77
Author(s):  
R. T. K. Baker ◽  
R. D. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Objective Lens ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Gas Flows ◽  
Catalytic Gasification ◽  
Television Camera ◽  
Viewing Screen ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Gasification Of Carbon ◽  
Transmission Microscope

The catalytic gasification of carbon at high temperature by microscopic size metal particles is of fundamental importance to removal of coke deposits and conversion of refractory hydrocarbons into fuels and chemicals. The reaction of metal/carbon/gas systems can be observed by controlled atmosphere electron microscopy (CAEM) in an 100 KV conventional transmission microscope. In the JEOL gas reaction stage model AGl (Fig. 1) the specimen is positioned over a hole, 200μm diameter, in a platinum heater strip, and is interposed between two apertures, 75μm diameter. The control gas flows across the specimen and exits through these apertures into the specimen chamber. The gas is further confined by two apertures, one in the condenser and one in the objective lens pole pieces, and removed by an auxiliary vacuum pump. The reaction zone is <1 mm thick and is maintained at gas pressure up to 400 Torr and temperature up to 1300<C as measured by a Pt-Pt/Rh 13% thermocouple. Reaction events are observed and recorded on videotape by using a Philips phosphor-television camera located below a hole in the center of the viewing screen. The overall resolution is greater than 2.5 nm.

Microwave-Assisted Decarbonylation of Biomass-Derived Aldehydes Using Pd-Doped Hydrotalcites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan An ◽  
Diana Ainembabazi ◽  
Kavya Samudrala ◽  
Christopher Reid ◽  
Kare Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Mulliken Charge ◽  
Metal Leaching ◽  
Carbonyl Carbon ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Alcohol Dehydrogenation

<p>Here we report the synthesis, characterization and activity of tunable Pd-doped hydrotalcites (Pd-HTs) for the decarbonylation of furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes under microwave conditions. The decarbonylation activity reported is a notable improvement over prior heterogeneous catalysts for this process. Furfural decarbonylation is optimized in a benign solvent compatible with biomass processing - ethanol, under relatively mild conditions and short reaction times. HMF selectively affords excellent yields of furfuryl alcohol with no humin formation, but longer reaction can also afford furan via tandem alcohol dehydrogenation and decarbonylation. Yields of substituted benzaldehydes are related to calculated Mulliken charge of the carbonyl carbon. The activity and selectivity differences can be traced to loading-dependent differences in Pd speciation on the catalysts. Poisoning studies show inverse correlation between Pd loading and metal leaching: Pd-HTs with lowest Pd loading, which consist of highly dispersed and oxidized Pd species, operate heterogeneously with negligible metal leaching. Recycling experiments are consistent with this trend, offering potential for further optimization to improve robustness.</p>

scholarly journals Production of Fuels and Chemicals from a CO2/H2 Mixture

Reactions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-146
Author(s):  
Yali Yao ◽  
Baraka Celestin Sempuga ◽  
Xinying Liu ◽  
Diane Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Hydrogenation ◽  
Water Gas Shift ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Saturated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Reverse Water Gas Shift ◽  
Cu Catalyst ◽  
In Series ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Water Gas ◽  
Aspen Simulation

In order to explore co-production alternatives, a once-through process for CO2 hydrogenation to chemicals and liquid fuels was investigated experimentally. In this approach, two different catalysts were considered; the first was a Cu-based catalyst that hydrogenates CO2 to methanol and CO and the second a Fisher–Tropsch (FT) Co-based catalyst. The two catalysts were loaded into different reactors and were initially operated separately. The experimental results show that: (1) the Cu catalyst was very active in both the methanol synthesis and reverse-water gas shift (R-WGS) reactions and these two reactions were restricted by thermodynamic equilibrium; this was also supported by an Aspen plus simulation of an (equilibrium) Gibbs reactor. The Aspen simulation results also indicated that the reactor can be operated adiabatically under certain conditions, given that the methanol reaction is exothermic and R-WGS is endothermic. (2) the FT catalyst produced mainly CH4 and short chain saturated hydrocarbons when the feed was CO2/H2. When the two reactors were coupled in series and the presence of CO in the tail gas from the first reactor (loaded with Cu catalyst) significantly improves the FT product selectivity toward higher carbon hydrocarbons in the second reactor compared to the standalone FT reactor with only CO2/H2 in the feed.

scholarly journals Further engineering of R. toruloides for the production of terpenes from lignocellulosic biomass

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Kirby ◽  
Gina M. Geiselman ◽  
Junko Yaegashi ◽  
Joonhoon Kim ◽  
Xun Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Mevalonate Kinase ◽  
Metabolite Analysis ◽  
Lignocellulosic Hydrolysate ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates ◽  
Lignocellulosic Feedstocks ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals

Abstract Background Mitigation of climate change requires that new routes for the production of fuels and chemicals be as oil-independent as possible. The microbial conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into terpene-based biofuels and bioproducts represents one such route. This work builds upon previous demonstrations that the single-celled carotenogenic basidiomycete, Rhodosporidium toruloides, is a promising host for the production of terpenes from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Results This study focuses on the optimization of production of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole and the sesquiterpene α-bisabolene in R. toruloides. The α-bisabolene titer attained in R. toruloides was found to be proportional to the copy number of the bisabolene synthase (BIS) expression cassette, which in turn influenced the expression level of several native mevalonate pathway genes. The addition of more copies of BIS under a stronger promoter resulted in production of α-bisabolene at 2.2 g/L from lignocellulosic hydrolysate in a 2-L fermenter. Production of 1,8-cineole was found to be limited by availability of the precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and expression of an appropriate GPP synthase increased the monoterpene titer fourfold to 143 mg/L at bench scale. Targeted mevalonate pathway metabolite analysis suggested that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), mevalonate kinase (MK) and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) may be pathway bottlenecks are were therefore selected as targets for overexpression. Expression of HMGR, MK, and PMK orthologs and growth in an optimized lignocellulosic hydrolysate medium increased the 1,8-cineole titer an additional tenfold to 1.4 g/L. Expression of the same mevalonate pathway genes did not have as large an impact on α-bisabolene production, although the final titer was higher at 2.6 g/L. Furthermore, mevalonate pathway intermediates accumulated in the mevalonate-engineered strains, suggesting room for further improvement. Conclusions This work brings R. toruloides closer to being able to make industrially relevant quantities of terpene from lignocellulosic biomass.

Effect of pyrolysis temperature on volatile products from hazelnut shells: products characteristics and antioxidant activity assessment of liquid products

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
Chenxi Zhao ◽  
Yupeng Xing ◽  
Wei Lv ◽  
Juhui Chen ◽  
Xiaogang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Maximum Output ◽  
Activity Assessment ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Fuels And Chemicals ◽  
Gas Products ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Hazelnut Shells

Abstract It is being considered to pyrolyze lignin-rich biomass samples (hazelnut shells, HSs) into bio-fuels and chemicals to solve energy shortages and environmental concerns, volatile products (including liquid products and gas products) were produced and characterized from HSs pyrolysis at 400–1000 °C. With the temperature increases, the maximum output of liquid products was up to 35.79% produced at 700 °C, gas products yields increased from 21.82 to 55.46%. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) study indicated that liquid products from HSs riched in phenolic compounds, exceed 42% of liquid products and increased as the temperature rises. The application experiment showed that HSs liquid products had a significant role in antioxidant activity, and revealed that not limited to phenols, all compounds containing phenolic hydroxyl structure act as antioxidant. Composition analysis of gas products showed that more combustible gases were produced at the higher temperature, resulted in the significant increase in gas products higher heating value (HHV) from 6.21 to 24.36 MJ/kg.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document