Prices and Rents of Economically Recoverable Resources

Modelling Global Nickel Mining, Supply, Recycling, Stocks-in-Use and Price Under Different Resources and Demand Assumptions for 1850–2200

Mining Metallurgy & Exploration ◽

10.1007/s42461-020-00370-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Anna Hulda Olafsdottir ◽

Harald Ulrik Sverdrup

Keyword(s):

Market Prices ◽

Nickel Extraction ◽

Price Increases ◽

Nickel Mining ◽

Ore Grades ◽

Recoverable Resources ◽

Business As Usual ◽

Ore Grade

AbstractThe long-term supply of nickel to society was assessed with the WORLD7 model for the global nickel cycle, using new estimates of nickel reserves and resources, indicating that the best estimate of the ultimately recoverable resources for nickel is in the range of 650–720 million ton. This is significantly larger than earlier estimates. The extractable amounts were stratified by extraction cost and ore grade in the model, making them extractable only after price increases and cost reductions. The model simulated extraction, supply, ore grades, and market prices. The assessment predicts future scarcity and supply problems after 2100 for nickel. The model reconstructs observed extraction, supply and market prices for the period 1850–2020, and is used to simulate development for the period 2020–2200. The quality of nickel ore has decreased significantly from 1850 to 2020 and will continue to do so in the future according to the simulated predictions from the WORLD7 model. For nickel, extraction rates are suggested to reach their maximum value in 2050, and that most primary nickel resources will have been exhausted by 2130. After 2100, the supply per capita for nickel will decline towards exhaustion if business-as-usual is continuing. This will be manifested as reduced supply and increased prices. The peak year can be delayed by a maximum of 100 years if recycling rates are improved significantly and long before scarcity is visible.

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Evaluation and re-understanding of the global natural gas hydrate resources

Petroleum Science ◽

10.1007/s12182-021-00568-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 323-338

Author(s):

Xiong-Qi Pang ◽

Zhuo-Heng Chen ◽

Cheng-Zao Jia ◽

En-Ze Wang ◽

He-Sheng Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Natural Gas ◽

Gas Hydrate ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Material Balance ◽

Energy Resource ◽

Resource Assessment ◽

Future Trend ◽

Natural Gas Hydrate ◽

The Future ◽

Recoverable Resources

AbstractNatural gas hydrate (NGH) has been widely considered as an alternative to conventional oil and gas resources in the future energy resource supply since Trofimuk’s first resource assessment in 1973. At least 29 global estimates have been published from various studies so far, among which 24 estimates are greater than the total conventional gas resources. If drawn in chronological order, the 29 historical resource estimates show a clear downward trend, reflecting the changes in our perception with respect to its resource potential with increasing our knowledge on the NGH with time. A time series of the 29 estimates was used to establish a statistical model for predict the future trend. The model produces an expected resource value of 41.46 × 1012 m3 at the year of 2050. The statistical trend projected future gas hydrate resource is only about 10% of total natural gas resource in conventional reservoir, consistent with estimates of global technically recoverable resources (TRR) in gas hydrate from Monte Carlo technique based on volumetric and material balance approaches. Considering the technical challenges and high cost in commercial production and the lack of competitive advantages compared with rapid growing unconventional and renewable resources, only those on the very top of the gas hydrate resource pyramid will be added to future energy supply. It is unlikely that the NGH will be the major energy source in the future.

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Choice of a methodological approach for the estimation of recoverable resources with Uranium deposits in Central Jordan

Applied Earth Science ◽

10.1179/1743275815y.0000000002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 124 (2) ◽

pp. 95-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Bessin ◽

J. Deraisme ◽

D. Renard

Keyword(s):

Methodological Approach ◽

Uranium Deposits ◽

Central Jordan ◽

Recoverable Resources

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Estimation of recoverable resources used in lithium-ion batteries from portable electronic devices in Japan

Resources Conservation and Recycling ◽

10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105884 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 105884

Author(s):

Yoshinori Morita ◽

Yuko Saito ◽

Toshiaki Yoshioka ◽

Toshikazu Shiratori

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electronic Devices ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Recoverable Resources

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Assessment of the Distribution of Technically Recoverable Resources in North American Basins

10.2118/137599-ms ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kun Cheng ◽

Wenyan Wu ◽

Stephen A. Holditch ◽

Walter Barton Ayers ◽

Duane Allen McVay

Keyword(s):

North American ◽

Recoverable Resources

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Ecological Waste Treatment and Utilization Systems on Low-Cost, Energy-Saving/Generating and Resources Recoverable Technology for Water Pollution Control in China

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0107 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 9-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Baozhen Wang

Keyword(s):

Pollution Control ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Waste Treatment ◽

Low Cost ◽

Fish Ponds ◽

Receiving Waters ◽

Recoverable Resources ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Rice Fish ◽

Utilization Of Wastes

Various ecological waste treatment and utilization systems (EWTUS) available in urban and rural areas in China are described, among which are land treatment and utilization systems (LTUS), eco-pond systems mainly consisting of macrohydrophytes-growing ponds, fish ponds and duck/geese ponds, and comprehensive circulation eco–systems for the treatment and utilization of wastes in rural areas, such as semi–closed eco–system in fish ponds, “rice–fish” and “rice–azolla–fish” symbiotic systems, recycling eco–systems with methane-generating digesters as central link, and comprehensive recycling eco–systems with digesters and eco–ponds as central link. In the various EWTUS, the sewage and wastewaters and other wastes are utilized and converted into various forms of recoverable resources and/or energy, while they are being purified to good quality effluents, meeting their respective discharge standards, and hence acceptable to receiving waters.

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Determining the Recoverable Geothermal Resources Using a Numerical Thermo-Hydraulic Coupled Modeling in Geothermal Reservoirs

Frontiers in Earth Science ◽

10.3389/feart.2021.787133 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Yifan Fan ◽

Shikuan Zhang ◽

Yonghui Huang ◽

Zhonghe Pang ◽

Hongyan Li

Keyword(s):

Temperature Drop ◽

Geothermal Field ◽

Geothermal Reservoir ◽

Recovery Factor ◽

Coupled Modeling ◽

Geothermal Resources ◽

Geothermal Heating ◽

Sustainable Exploitation ◽

Well Spacing ◽

Recoverable Resources

Recoverable geothermal resources are very important for geothermal development and utilization. Generally, the recovery factor is a measure of available geothermal resources in a geothermal field. However, it has been a pre-determined ratio in practice and sustainable utilization of geothermal resources was not considered in the previous calculation of recoverable resources. In this work, we have attempted to develop a method to calculate recoverable geothermal resources based on a numerical thermo-hydraulic coupled modeling of a geothermal reservoir under exploitation, with an assumption of sustainability. Taking a geothermal reservoir as an example, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The recoverable geothermal resources are 6.85 × 1018 J assuming a lifetime of 100 years in a well doublet pattern for geothermal heating. We further discuss the influence of well spacing on the recoverable resources. It is found that 600 m is the optimal well spacing with maximum extracted energy that conforms to the limit of the pressure drop and no temperature drop in the production well. Under the uniform well distribution pattern for sustainable exploitation, the recovery factor is 26.2%, which is higher than the previous value of 15% when depending only on lithology. The proposed method for calculating the recoverable geothermal resources is instructive for making decisions for sustainable exploitation.

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