Scientific Realism and Scientific Progress

2021 ◽  
pp. 155-176
Author(s):  
Seungbae Park
PARADIGMI ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Michele Marsonet

Scientific realism is a theme in which the originality of pragmatist positions clearly emerges. Nicholas Rescher argues that natural science can indeed validate a plausible commitment to the actual existence of its theoretical entities. Scientific conceptions aim at what really exists in the world but only hits it imperfectly and "well off the mark". Rescher's aim is to replace Charles S. Peirce's "long-run convergence" theory of scientific progress with a more modest position geared to increasing success in scientific applications, especially in matters of prediction and control. We can never assume that a particular scientific theory gives us the true picture of reality, since we know perfectly well from the history of science that, in a future we cannot actually foresee, it will be replaced by a better theory. There is indeed no reason to think that our particular scientific outlook on reality is absolute from the cognitive viewpoint. It must be relativized because of the interaction between the world on the one hand and human beings who investigate it on the other. Both our input and Nature's play a fundamental role in the outcome of our investigation.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seungbae PARK

Scientific progress can be credited to creative scientists, who constantly ideate new theories and experiments. I explore how the three central positions in philosophy of science – scientific realism, scientific pessimism, and instrumentalism – are related to the practical issue of how scientists’ creativity can be fostered. I argue that realism encourages scientists to entertain new theories and experiments, pessimism discourages them from doing so, and instrumentalism falls in between realism and pessimism in terms of its effects on scientists’ creativity. Therefore, scientists should accept realism and reject both pessimism and instrumentalism for the sake of scientific creativity and progress.


Problemos ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenonas Norkus

Trys pagrindinės būsimos mokslo pažangos prognozės yra objektyvistinis finitizmas (pažanga baigsis, nes ribotą gamtą išsems mokslas), subjektyvistinis finitizmas (pažanga baigsis, nes žmogaus pažintinės galios yra ribotos) ir infinitizmas (gamtotyros pažanga niekada nesibaigs). Straipsnyje svarstomi Johno D. Barrowo, Johno Horgano, Nicholas Rescherio darbuose pateikti argumentai už ir prieš šiuos požiūrius. Pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas atrankinės giminystės ryšiams tarp mokslo ateities prognozių ir pagrindinių epistemologinių srovių. Realistinė pažinimo, kaip tikrovės atvaizdo ar žemėlapio, samprata yra artimesnė finitizmui, palyginti su idealistine pažinimo, kaip problemų sprendimų proceso, turinčio „hermeneutinio rato“ pavidalą, samprata. Tuo pat metu idealizmu lengva pagrįsti reliatyvizmą, kuris neigia skirtingų mokslo raidos fazių bendramatiškumą (palyginamumą), kartu nepripažįsta ir mokslo pažangos, o realizmas ją logiškai implikuoja. Stipriausiu argumentu infinitizmo naudai laikomas pragmatinis: tikėjimas mokslo pažangos ribomis gali tapti save patvirtinančia prognoze, todėl infinitizmas yra mokslo „vidinė ideologija“ arba jį pamatuojantis metanaratyvas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: mokslo pažanga, mokslinio pažinimo ribos, idealizmas ir realizmas epistemologijoje. EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS OF THE FORECASTS OF THE NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PROGRESSZenonas Norkus Summary Three main forecasts of the future of scientific progress are (1) objectivistic limitism (the progress will end because the finite nature will be exhausted by science), (2) subjectivistic limitism (the progress will end because human cognitive capacities are limited), and (3) infinitism (the progress will go infinitely). The paper makes a contribution to the ongoing discussion (its participants include John D. Barrow, John Horgan, Nicholas Rescher, among others) by providing an analysis of the relations of elective affinity between forecasts of the future of science and main epistemological standpoints. The realist view of cognition as production of a picture or map of reality is considered as more closely related to finitism than the idealist view of cognition as the problem-solving process displaying the “hermeneutical circle” structure and involving the radical conceptual revolutions. There are, however, important differences among different versions of realism, with a very close relation between “scientific realism” and finitism. At the same time, the idealistic view is more prone to relativism that asserts the incommensurability among different phases of the scientific change and denies the very fact of scientific progress, while for realism scientific progress is a logical implication. The strongest argument for infinitism is pragmatic one: if scientists will believe that finitism is true, the progress can come to an end as a matter of self-fulfilling prediction. Therefore, infinitism is the best “internal ideology” of science or its metanarrative. The scope of the article is limited to the discussion of the problem of scientific progress in natural sciences.Keywords: scientific progress, limits of science, epistemological idealism and realism.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek

AbstractIf we want psychological science to have a meaningful real-world impact, it has to be trusted by the public. Scientific progress is noisy; accordingly, replications sometimes fail even for true findings. We need to communicate the acceptability of uncertainty to the public and our peers, to prevent psychology from being perceived as having nothing to say about reality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexa M. Tullett ◽  
Simine Vazire

AbstractWe contest the “building a wall” analogy of scientific progress. We argue that this analogy unfairly privileges original research (which is perceived as laying bricks and, therefore, constructive) over replication research (which is perceived as testing and removing bricks and, therefore, destructive). We propose an alternative analogy for scientific progress: solving a jigsaw puzzle.


1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 548-548
Author(s):  
Victor A. Benassi
Keyword(s):  

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