Comparison of Road Safety Policy Objectives in Poland and in the European Union

Since the European Union has certain targets and criteria that must be fulfilled by its members, Turkey's situation in transportation compared to the EU member countries (23 countries whose data were accessed) was examined through the approaches of decision support models (Data Envelopment Analysis and Malmquist Index). This study investigates whether Turkey utilizes its road, airway and railway transportation indicators efficiently or not within the framework of the European Union (EU) accession process. In addition, it aims to demonstrate Turkey's current position compared to other EU countries by performing relative efficiency analysis on road, airway and railway transportation indicators. The conclusions of this study will help policymakers to determine Turkey's policy objectives for its integration to the EU in terms of transportation indicators.

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Excessive pricing in the pharmaceutical industry: adding another string to the bow of EU competition law

Health Economics Policy and Law ◽

10.1017/s1744133120000109 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Diletta Danieli

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Competition Law ◽

Pharmaceutical Companies ◽

Health Law ◽

The European Union ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Eu Competition Law ◽

Policy Objectives ◽

The Eu

Abstract The paper addresses the issue of excessive price abuse under Article 102(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), by drawing inspiration from a recent stream of cases (developed first at the national and then at the EU level) involving pharmaceutical companies marketing off-patent drugs. In particular, the two ‘most advanced’ cases are analysed: Aspen in Italy and Pfizer/Flynn in the United Kingdom. This new-found attention towards exploitative practices in the form of excessive and unfair pricing by dominant undertakings that have traditionally been subject to a cautious antitrust scrutiny seems worth exploring for a number of reasons, as illustrated in the paper. Ultimately, it is argued that this further ‘interference’ of competition law into the realms of regulation may be actually justified, albeit subject to precise conditions for enforcement, and may pursue policy objectives in the wider context of EU health law.

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Zmiany procesu edukacji kierowców w warunkach integracji europejskiej

Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja ◽

10.24917/20833296.6.40 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. 506-517

Author(s):

Zbigniew Ożdżyński

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

European Integration ◽

Road Safety ◽

Basic Factor ◽

The European Union ◽

Basic Training ◽

Legal Requirements ◽

Entrepreneurial Activities

The article discusses the process of transforming driving instruction in terms of European integration as a basic factor of transport.It indicates the areas of driving instruction to be subjected to the process of transformation and their impact on the improvement of road safety, along with discussing the changes in selected areas of driving instruction, while pointing out fundamental differences between the legal requirements of Poland and selected European Union countries.It further discusses the differences in the basic training of drivers within the European Union and indicates the need for entrepreneurial activities in order to facilitate improvement in road safety.Also highlighted is the need to remove any differences in traffic regulations and in all other areas of driving instruction.

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The Europeanization of the Polish Safety Policy in the Context of its Participation in National Armed Military Forces Missions in the European Union

Polish Political Science Yearbook ◽

10.15804/ppsy2014006 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 1-0

Author(s):

Tomasz Hoffmann ◽

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

The European Union ◽

Safety Policy ◽

Military Forces

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EU cybersecurity and cyber diplomacy

IDP Revista de Internet Derecho y Política ◽

10.7238/idp.v0i34.387469 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Agnes Kasper ◽

Anna-Maria Osula ◽

Anna Molnár

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Information And Communication Technologies ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

The European Union ◽

Digital Development ◽

Information And Communication ◽

Policy Objectives ◽

State Behaviour ◽

Resilient Infrastructure ◽

The Eu

Over the last decades cybersecurity has become a cornerstone of European digital development. Alongside with the diffusion of information and communication technologies and the deepening (as well as widening) of the European Union, the initial narrow and sectoral data security policies have expanded into a comprehensive cybersecurity framework addressing issues from resilient infrastructure and technological sovereignty, through tackling cybercrime, to cyber defence capabilities and responsible state behaviour in cyberspace. In this complex web of interrelated policies a relative newcomer at the European Union (EU) level is cyber diplomacy. Sometimes also called public diplomacy 2.0, it factors into the cross-border connectivity of cyberspace and reflects a shift in international relations where the lines between external and internal policies, military and civilian domains are blurred. However, the term cyber diplomacy is fluid and it is not well understood which topics should be under its “umbrella”, in particular in relation to cybersecurity, where it seems to be linked the most. This article aims to map existing and proposed instruments that make up the EU’s arsenal in this broad context to answer the following questions: what is cyber diplomacy and how is it related to the EU cybersecurity? Is cyber diplomacy in the EU becoming something in its own right as a distinct set of tools to secure the EU policy objectives?

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The Bulgarian Version of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory: Psychometric Properties

Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.3390/bs9120145 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zornitsa Totkova ◽

Rositsa Racheva

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

High Velocity ◽

Road Safety ◽

Structural Organization ◽

Traffic Accidents ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

The European Union ◽

Risky Driving ◽

Driving Style ◽

Very High

Road safety is one of the main priorities for the European Union. Different strategies and policies strive to increase the level of road safety across Europe and although this level has increased in the last couple of years the number of injuries and fatalities resulting from traffic accidents is still very high. The multidimensional driving style inventory (MDSI) is a self-reported instrument for the assessment of a person’s habitual driving style and its connection to risky driving behaviour and involvement in different traffic accidents. The instrument was originally developed in Israel and there are several previous adaptations in different countries such as Argentina and Romania. The main objective of this study is to develop a valid and reliable version of the MDSI in Bulgaria. A study was conducted to evaluate the construction validity of the instrument and to test the validity of the factors in a Bulgarian sample (n = 456, male = 204; female = 252; average age = 37). Eight factors representing a specific driving style—dissociative, anxious, risky, angry, high-velocity, distress reduction, patient and careful and irrational—identified by previous versions of the MDSI are included in this study. The overall number of items in the inventory is 57 with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78. The current study in Bulgaria confirmed the structural organization of the initial version of the inventory. The results of the conducted study supported the reliability and validity of the Bulgarian version of the MDSI. The possible implementation of the instrument for the development of different programs for preventions and interventions is discussed here within.

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EU diplomacy 2.0: The European Union’s exercise in soft power in the Philippines through Facebook

100-lecie polskiej Policji - Studia Politologiczne ◽

10.33896/spolit.2020.56.17 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 280-299

Author(s):

Manuel Enverga

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

European Union ◽

Soft Power ◽

Public Diplomacy ◽

The Philippines ◽

The European Union ◽

Policy Objectives ◽

Social Networking Website ◽

Digital Diplomacy

Digital diplomacy, also referred to as e-Diplomacy or Diplomacy 2.0, is a form of public diplomacy that entails the pursuance of foreign policy objectives using the Internet and social media. It is one of the ways that actors in contemporary global politics can exert soft power, thereby shaping a host country’s perceptions, agendas, and policies. The increasing use of digital diplomacy exemplifies a shift in diplomatic from purely government-to-government (G2G) relations, to one in which communication is directed towards publics (G2P), and can even encourage citizens to interact with one another (P2P). One actor that has become increasingly active in this area is the European Union (EU). However, unlike a country, the regional bloc is a coalition of twenty-eight member states. Consequently, the challenge for EU digital diplomacy specialists is to represent a group of countries to local audiences. There is minimal literature on this subject, and this paper hopes to contribute to it by presenting a case study of the EU’s digital diplomacy initiatives towards Philippines, which are communicated through the popular social networking website, Facebook. This paper argues that the EU exercises its soft power through its social media transmissions it creates. The individuals featured in its online content, the way that the European Union represents itself, and the issues it highlights in its posts are all geared towards shaping the perceptions of Philippine audiences.

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Politicile sociale în perioada post-criză financiară: România încotro? Contribuția Semestrului European în dirijarea măsurilor de politică socială în domeniile ocupării și incluziunii sociale

Revista Calitatea Vieții ◽

10.46841/rcv.2021.01.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ionuț-Marian ANGHEL

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

European Union ◽

Social Inclusion ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

Social Policies ◽

The European Union ◽

Macroeconomic Imbalances ◽

Europe 2020 ◽

Europe 2020 Strategy ◽

Policy Objectives

After implementing one of the toughest austerity programs in the European Union during the financial crisis, Romania returned to continuous economic growth for eight years (2012−2019), not before concluding between 2011−2013 two preventive agreements with Troika to reduce its macroeconomic imbalances. This continuous economic growth was also reflected in the achievement of the national targets under the Europe 2020 Strategy. In order to better coordinate economic and budgetary policies, the European Union has launched the European Semester. Although the main objective of the latter was to coordinate Member States' efforts to implement fiscal budgetary policies aimed at preventing macroeconomic imbalances and controlling public finances, after 2015, the European Semester began to incorporate social policy objectives, especially in the area of employment and social inclusion policies. By using the index of commodification/ decommodification of social policies developed by Paul Copeland, I illustrate, by analyzing the National Reform Programs and Country Specific Reports, that half of the policies taken in the two areas were towards partial commodification or commodification, and other significant measures towards commodification and decommodification, e.g. types of policies addressed to vulnerable groups trying to (re)integrate them into the labor market, even if in conditions that do not necessarily lead to social inclusion. Keywords: social policies; European Semester; Europe 2020; de/comodification; neoliberalism.

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