scholarly journals The Bulgarian Version of the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory: Psychometric Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zornitsa Totkova ◽  
Rositsa Racheva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
High Velocity ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Driving Style ◽  
Very High

Road safety is one of the main priorities for the European Union. Different strategies and policies strive to increase the level of road safety across Europe and although this level has increased in the last couple of years the number of injuries and fatalities resulting from traffic accidents is still very high. The multidimensional driving style inventory (MDSI) is a self-reported instrument for the assessment of a person’s habitual driving style and its connection to risky driving behaviour and involvement in different traffic accidents. The instrument was originally developed in Israel and there are several previous adaptations in different countries such as Argentina and Romania. The main objective of this study is to develop a valid and reliable version of the MDSI in Bulgaria. A study was conducted to evaluate the construction validity of the instrument and to test the validity of the factors in a Bulgarian sample (n = 456, male = 204; female = 252; average age = 37). Eight factors representing a specific driving style—dissociative, anxious, risky, angry, high-velocity, distress reduction, patient and careful and irrational—identified by previous versions of the MDSI are included in this study. The overall number of items in the inventory is 57 with Cronbach’s alpha = 0.78. The current study in Bulgaria confirmed the structural organization of the initial version of the inventory. The results of the conducted study supported the reliability and validity of the Bulgarian version of the MDSI. The possible implementation of the instrument for the development of different programs for preventions and interventions is discussed here within.

scholarly journals Analysis of Road Safety in Poland after Accession to the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Rafal S. Jurecki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
The State ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fatality Risk ◽  
The Eu

The article presents an assessment of the state of safety on Polish roads in the period 2004-2018 in terms of changes that occurred after Poland’s accession to the EU. The number of vehicles in the period in question was analyzed and the annual growth of the number of vehicles of the main types was assessed. Analysis of changes in the length of the most important road types was carried out. The number of accidents and fatalities was analyzed and the changes in this area were assessed. The statistical decrease in the number of accidents and fatalities, as well as a very strong correlation between them, were confirmed. It was indicated in which groups of accidents the fatality risk is the highest. The paper presents a summary of the types of roads on which traffic accidents and fatal traffic accidents occurred. Shares of these roads were determined, indicating that the most dangerous roads in Poland are the two-way, two-lane roads.

Part VI Global Approach of State Aid Law—WTO Law and EU Trade Defence Instruments, 2 Anti-subsidy Law and Practice of the European Union

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kreuschitz Viktor ◽  
Nehl Hanns Peter
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Global Approach ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Past ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
Very High ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

This concluding chapter explores EU's anti-subsidy instruments, which are designed to address subsidization by other WTO members. After a hesitant start, the EU since 1995 has progressively used the AS instrument to act against subsidization by third-country governments. While initially focusing on relatively clear-cut export subsidies, over time the EU has more and more also countervailed domestic subsidy programmes. This is clearest in the AS cases initiated against China during the past five years, where the majority of the countervailed programmes have consisted of domestic subsidies. In this context, it is important to note that the findings of specificity reached by the EU in cases concerning China are largely based on the use of facts available, resulting from the imposition of very high burdens of proof on the Chinese government that domestic subsidies in fact are not specific.

Spain: A Success Story Shadowed Only by a Poor Productivity Performance

2007 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
Matilde Mas ◽  
Javier Quesada
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Success Story ◽  
Spanish Economy ◽  
Multifactor Productivity ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Very High

Since joining the European Union in 1986, the performance of the Spanish economy has been quite remarkable, acting as a good example for new entrants of what can be accomplished in twenty years. Its ability to generate employment has been astonishing. Departing from an environment of very high unemployment (close to 25 per cent), Spain has become the country of destination most preferred by immigrants. However, it has also had a scant productivity performance. The main burden on productivity growth lies with the construction sector and almost all private service sectors with the unique exception of the financial sector. Most likely, over the next years, the continuity of the Spanish success will require a reversal of the sources of growth, shifting from labour creation to improvements in multifactor productivity.

scholarly journals Zmiany procesu edukacji kierowców w warunkach integracji europejskiej

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 506-517
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Ożdżyński
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Basic Factor ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Basic Training ◽  
Legal Requirements ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

The article discusses the process of transforming driving instruction in terms of European integration as a basic factor of transport.It indicates the areas of driving instruction to be subjected to the process of transformation and their impact on the improvement of road safety, along with discussing the changes in selected areas of driving instruction, while pointing out fundamental differences between the legal requirements of Poland and selected European Union countries.It further discusses the differences in the basic training of drivers within the European Union and indicates the need for entrepreneurial activities in order to facilitate improvement in road safety.Also highlighted is the need to remove any differences in traffic regulations and in all other areas of driving instruction.

scholarly journals Adaptation and validity of the Sleep Quality Scale among Chinese drivers

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0259813
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Long Sun ◽  
Changlu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Quality Scale ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Valid Instrument

Purpose Poor sleep quality is closed related with driving accidents. However, due to the lack of a valid instrument for assessing drivers’ sleep quality, few studies have examined drivers’ sleep quality and its associations with driving behaviours and traffic accidents in China. The aim of this paper is to revise the Sleep Quality Scale (SQS) and assess its reliability and validity in Chinese drivers. Methods 522 Chinese drivers aged from 18 to 56 years old agreed to complete the SQS, Daytime Sleepiness Perception Scale version 4 (DSPS-4), Self-report of Risky Driving Behavior (RD-SR) and Self-assessment of the Likelihood of Being Involved in a Risky Driving Situation (RD-SA). Results The final Chinese version of the SQS contained 23 items across four factors: difficulty in getting up, difficulty in falling asleep, sleep recovery and daytime dysfunction. Second, man scored lower on the difficulty in falling asleep factor but higher on the sleep recovery factor than women. Third, low to moderate correlations were found between the SQS factors and the DSPS-4, RD-SA and RD-SR, indicating that the validity of the revised scale was satisfactory. More importantly, daytime dysfunction factor is an effective predictor of violation involvement and accident involvement. Conclusion The revised SQS has acceptable reliability and validity and can be used as a tool to measure the sleep quality of Chinese drivers.

Intelligent connected mobility 4.0: Regulatory concepts

2022 ◽  
pp. 1023263X2110614
Author(s):  
Olga Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Connected Vehicles ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Legal Concepts

The last decade reflects undeniable rapid growth in intelligent connected mobility in the European Union and internationally. Whereas automotive producers united forces to address the projected technical difficulties vis-à-vis the deployment of Intelligent Connected Vehicles through coordinated efforts and partnerships, academia is committed to clarifying fundamental new regulatory concepts to reveal potential and foreseeable legal inconsistencies in such technological development. The lack of a determination of the fundamental legal concepts or the vague and ambiguous determination of essential regulatory concepts creates overall legal uncertainty and is considered an obstacle to ensuring the smooth market penetration of Intelligent Connected Vehicles in the European Union. This article claims its contribution to existing literature by integrating further unambiguous and specific regulatory concepts in the context of the regulation of Intelligent Connected Vehicles. This article addresses: (i) the prerequisites for uniform Intelligent Connected Vehicles’ fundamental regulatory concepts based on complex retrospective analysis vis-à-vis road traffic accidents involving conventional vehicles and (ii) the prototype of regulatory concepts that need to be established and accurately distinguished for intelligent connected mobility 4.0, with the cross-border element at the European Union level.

scholarly journals Development Potentials and Strategic Objectives of Intelligent Transport Systems Improving Road Safety

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Pauer
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Road Accident ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intelligent Transport Systems ◽  
Strategic Objectives ◽  
Intelligent Transport ◽  
Safety Aspects

Abstract Reducing the number of road accident victims is a declared purpose of the European Union. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) are able to contribute to this by warning and supporting the drivers, therefore improving road safety. The aim of our research was to analyze the safety aspects of ITS systems, structuring the solutions, analyzing and exploring the opportunities for development. Strategic objectives have been evaluated and relevant processes for achieving them have been summarized. The research efficiently contributes to the utilization of development potentials of ITS systems.

Evaluation of Reactor Internals Integrity and Lifetime According to the NTD ASI

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Brumovsky
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Stress Corrosion ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Ductile Failure ◽  
Residual Lifetime ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Technical Documentation ◽  
Very High ◽  
Reactor Internals

Reactor internals are components that are no typical pressure boundary but they are nevertheless very important as they hold fuel elements and all reactor control system elements and thus must ensure their safe and reliable operation during the whole reactor life under all operating and even beyond bases regimes. In principle, reactor internals can be replaced but their weight, quantity of very high activated material and cost such possibility practically excluded. Thus, evaluation of the reactor internals condition and prediction of their behavior during the whole or even extended lifetime is of high importance. Reactor internals are subjected to very high neutron irradiation that could initiated not only stress corrosion (irradiation assisted) cracking but also large embrittlement and changes in dimensions (swelling and creep). VERLIFE – “Unified Procedure for Lifetime Assessment of Components and Piping in WWER NPPs during Operation” was initiated and co-ordinated by the Czech and was developed within the 5th Framework Program of the European Union in 2003 and later upgraded within the 6th Framework Program “COVERS – Safety of WWER NPPs” of the European Union in 2008. This Procedure had to fill the gap in original Soviet/Russian Codes and Rules for Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs) with WWER (Water-Water-Energetic-Reactor = PWR type) type reactors, as those codes were developed only for design and manufacture and were not changed since their second edition in 1989. VERLIFE Procedure is based on these Russian codes but incorporates also new developments in research, mainly in fracture mechanics, and also some principal approaches used in PWR codes. Within the last upgrading and principal extending of this VERLIFE Procedure was developed within the 3-years IAEA project (in close co-operation with another project of the 6th Framework Program of the European Union “NULIFE – Plant Life Management of NPPs”) that started in 2009 with final approval and editing in 2013”) a part dealing with the evaluation of reactor internals lifetime was elaborated.. This IAEA VERLIFE procedure for internals has been implemented into the existing Normative Technical Documentation (NTD) ASI (Czech Association of Mechanical Engineers), Section IV – Evaluation of Residual Lifetime of Components and Piping in WWER type NPPs. Main damaging mechanisms that should be taken into account in reactor internals and the procedure are described in detail with necessary formulae for materials of internals: - Radiation hardening - Radiation embrittlement - Radiation swelling - Radiation creep - Swelling under stress effect - Swelling inducing embrittlement - Irradiated assisted stress corrosion cracking - Transformation austenite-ferrite and also the method for evaluation of the resistance against non-ductile failure of postulated defect. The paper will describe these main principles and also more detailed information on the procedure for evaluation of reactor internals will be given.

A Victim of a Road Traffic Accident not Fastened by a Seat Belt and Contributory Negligence in the EU Motor Insurance Law

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Mantrov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Insurance Law ◽  
Contributory Negligence ◽  
Motor Insurance

This case note relates to the recent judgement (23 October 2012) by the Court of Justice of the European Union in the case No C-300/10 concerning interrelation of the European Union motor insurance law and the national civil liability regulation. As the civil liability arising from motor traffic accidents is not approximated by the European Union law, its regulation falls within the national law. Yet, application of the national civil liability law shall not undermine the obligation to provide insurance coverage for victims of road traffic accidents. The discussed case concerns a situation when a victim who was not fastened by a seat belt at the moment of a motor traffic accident was injured, and this raises a question whether such victim may be compensated due to contributory negligence. This note provides a brief summary of the previous case law, facts, review of Advocate's General Opinion and the judgment and their analysis.

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