An Alternative Suggestion Regarding the Origins of the Image ‘The Education of the Virgin’

2018 ◽  
pp. 83-108
Author(s):  
Virginia Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Suggestion

XXII Some Talaing Inscriptions on Glazed Tiles

1912 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-698
Author(s):  
C. O. Blagden
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Female Figures ◽  
Alternative Suggestion

In the Indian Antiquary for December, 1893 (vol. xxii), on pp. 343–5, in a paper entitled “Notes on Antiquities in Rāmaññadesa (the Talaing country of Burma)” there is a discussion by Major (now Sir) R. C. Temple on two inscriptions figured on plates ix and ixa of the series illustrating the paper. These plates represent two glazed terra-cotta tiles found in Lower Burma, each one bearing in rather high relief two female figures elaborately robed and adorned with bracelets, necklets, ear-rings, pagodaspire-shaped head-coverings, etc. The attitudes of the figures differ slightly in the two plates. Above them, in each case, is an inscription in the native character which Sir R. C. Temple has read kwan phrau mā, pa mat Iwat, with the alternative suggestion of phra instead of phrau. He has tried to make sense of this legend in Talaing, Burmese, and Shan, with a further hint that it may possibly be Siamese. As a Talaing inscription he interprets it to mean something which, as being “against epigraphic experience”, he is “loth to accept”, namely, a vague reference to a “wife who is a friend for ever”, a statement which in fact has no particular point. In the other alternative languages he makes it out to be a formal dedication (lwat) of the tiles by a nobleman with a Siamese title and a Pāli name, one kwan phra Mahāpamat to wit. At the same time he adds the caution that the legend does not appear to be correct Siamese.

scholarly journals Directionals and re-autonomization in Dutch modals

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Jan Nuyts ◽  
Wim Caers
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
Modal Auxiliaries ◽  
Main Verb ◽  
Alternative Suggestion ◽  
Germanic Languages

Abstract Modal auxiliaries in Present Day Dutch are going through a process of ‘re-autonomization’, i.e. they are increasingly used without a main verb elsewhere in the clause, in ways which are not possible in other Germanic languages. Many Germanic languages do allow omission of the main verb when a modal is combined with a directional phrase in the clause. This paper investigates whether the latter phenomenon may have been the cause of the former process in Dutch. A diachronic corpus study of the Dutch modals shows that the answer is negative. The paper offers an alternative suggestion as to how the re-autonomization trend may have emerged.

A Gyro-Synchrotron Maser in the Solar Corona?

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Melrose ◽  
S. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Solar Corona ◽  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Relativistic Electrons ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
Brightness Temperatures ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Alternative Suggestion ◽  
Lower Frequencies

Stewart (1978) has reported four moving type IV bursts observed with the Culgoora radio heliograph at 43, 80 and 160 MHz. After an early phase, the brightness temperatures of the observed bursts decreased with increasing frequency and with time. The highest brightness temperature observed at 43 MHz was 1010K, and it seems that the brightness temperature would have been still higher at even lower frequencies. Existing theoretical ideas on moving type IV bursts are based on data (at 80 MHz primarily) which included no brightness temperatures in excess of 109K. the accepted interpretation involved gyro-synchrotron radiation from mildly relativistic electrons (energies ≈ 100 keV); reabsorption by the electrons themselves restricts the brightness temperature to less than about 100 keV ≈ 109K (Wild and Smerd 1972, Dulk 1973). Stewart’s (1978) new data at 43 MHz require that this accepted interpretation be modified; he has suggested that higher energy electrons are involved. An alternative suggestion is explored here, namely that the absorption might be negative. In other words, the high brightness temperatures observed could be due to a gyro-synchrotron maser involving electrons with energies of about 100 keV.

No need for instinct

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond W. Gibbs ◽  
Nathaniel Clark
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Major Implication ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Alternative Suggestion ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Proper Weight

Language serves many purposes in our individual lives and our varied interpersonal interactions. Daniel Everett’s claim that language primarily emerges from an “interactional instinct” and not a classic “language instinct” gives proper weight to the importance of coordinated communication in meeting our adaptive needs. Yet the argument that language is a “cultural tool”, motivated by an underlying “instinct”, does not adequately explain the complex, yet complementary nature of both linguistic regularities and variations in everyday speech. Our alternative suggestion is that language use, and coordinated communication more generally, is an emergent product of human self-organization processes. Both broad regularities and specific variations in linguistic structure and behavior can be accounted for by self-organizational processes that operate without explicit internal rules, blueprints, or mental representations. A major implication of this view is that both linguistic patterns and behaviors, within and across speakers, emerge from the dynamical interactions of brain, body, and world, which gives rise to highly context-sensitive and varied linguistic performances.

Epistemic Responsibility in Sexual Coercion and Self-Defense Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Hallie Liberto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Coercion ◽  
Sexual Consent ◽  
Epistemic Responsibility ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Reasonable Person ◽  
Reasonable Expectation ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Reasonable Person Standard ◽  
Alternative Suggestion ◽  
Better Than

Those accused of sexual coercion and unjustified killing can defend themselves in American courts by arguing that a reasonable person in their situation could have held an exonerating belief—respectively: a belief in another person’s sexual consent, or another person’s murderous intentions. In this chapter, Liberto argues that this reasonable belief standard is problematic. Liberto presents an alternative suggestion by Donald Hubin and Karen Healey with regard to cases of sexual coercion that she labels the “reasonable expectation from state” (REfS) standard. Liberto argues that adopting a REfS standard for adjudicating both self-defense and sexual coercion cases is better than the “reasonable person” standard. However, contra Hubin and Healey, Liberto argues that expectations from the state towards victims of these criminal cases—expectations that ascribe epistemic responsibility to the victims—are misdirected.

14. Interest Groups

2020 ◽  
pp. 252-266
Author(s):  
Roland Erne
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Contentious Politics ◽  
Voluntary Organizations ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Private Interest ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Interest Representation ◽  
Alternative Suggestion

This chapter examines the role that interest groups play in political systems across time and space. Many scholars define interest groups as voluntary organizations that appeal to government but do not participate in elections. In a comparative context, however, this formal definition is problematic as the form of interest representation varies across countries. An alternative suggestion is to distinguish ‘public’ and ‘private interest groups’, but the term ‘public interest’ is problematic because of its contentious nature. The chapter begins with a review of different definitions of interest groups and the problems associated with each. It then considers the legacies of competing theoretical traditions in the field, namely republicanism, pluralism, and neocorporatism. It also discusses the role of interest associations in practice, distinguishing different types of action that are available to different groups, including direct lobbying, political exchange, contentious politics, and private interest government.

scholarly journals Hot Gas in Galactic Haloes and Winds

1980 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 411-417
Author(s):  
Lennox L. Cowie
Keyword(s):  
Spiral Galaxies ◽  
Elliptical Galaxies ◽  
Solar Neighborhood ◽  
Gas Flows ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Alternative Suggestion ◽  
Emission Studies ◽  
Galactic Haloes ◽  
Cold Gas

At this time we have no direct evidence for the presence of hot gaseous haloes or winds associated with galaxies. We do know that hot gas exists in conjunction with cold gas in the disks of the spirals and that this gas is hot enough to form a substantial corona. There are also a number of indirect observations which would suggest that hot gas flows and possibly bound hot gas occur in both elliptical and spiral galaxies.In the case of elliptical galaxies the expected accumulated mass loss from the stars is not observed. Typical upper limits to the mass of cold gas at less than 1040K are around 108 M based on 21cm emission studies of the galaxies (reviewed by Van Woerden 1977). We would expect almost two orders of magnitude more material than this to have been ejected from the stars. Burke (1968), Johnson and Axford (1971) and Mathews and Baker (1971) postulated the existance of a hot galactic wind with temperatures of a few times 1060K powered by supernovae, in order to clear material from these galaxies. The evidence for hot galactic haloes around spiral galaxies is even more indirect and is based on the existance of high latitude cold clouds in our own galaxy. The velocities and number of these clouds imply that they almost certainly lie high above the galactic cold gas which extends only to a height of 130 Fc in the solar neighborhood. Spitzer therefore suggested in 1956 that an intercloud gas would have to exist to keep these clouds confined, and that to have such a large scaleheight it would have to be hot with temperatures of around 1060K. (An alternative suggestion by Pickelner (1955) was that the halo was cold but supported by turbulent velocities of around 70 km s-1.) The Spitzer Halo was assumed to be maintained by energetic particles from SN in the plane.

The “Christmas burst” GRB 101225A revisited

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (S313) ◽  
pp. 396-397
Author(s):  
C. C. Thöne ◽  
A. de Ugarte Postigo ◽  
C. L. Fryer ◽  
D. A. Kann
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Massive Stars ◽  
Host Galaxy ◽  
Synchrotron Emission ◽  
Relativistic Jets ◽  
Common Envelope ◽  
Plausible Model ◽  
The Common ◽  
Alternative Suggestion

AbstractLong GRBs are related to the death of massive stars and reveal themselves through synchrotron emission from highly relativistic jets. The ‘Christmas Burst’ GRB 101225A was an exceptionally long GRB with a thermal afterglow, very different from the standard GRB. Initially, no spectroscopic redshift could be obtained and SED modeling yielded z=0.33. A plausible model was a He-NS star merger where the He-star had ejected part of its envelope in the common envelope phase during inspiral. The interaction between the jet and the previously ejected shell can explains the thermal emission. We obtained deep spectroscopy of the host galaxy which leads to a correction of the redshift to z=0.847. Despite the higher redshift, our model is still valid and theoretically better justified than the alternative suggestion of a blue supergiant progenitor proposed by Levan et al. (2014) for several “ultra-long” GRBs.

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