Age, Period, Cohort, and Generational Effects

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-54
Author(s):  
José Luis Iparraguirre
Keyword(s):  
Generational Effects

scholarly journals Paternal prescription medication before conception: A retrospective cohort study of all births in Denmark 1997–2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482098746
Author(s):  
M.J. Wensink ◽  
S. Rizzi ◽  
T.K. Jensen ◽  
N.E. Skakkebaek ◽  
Y. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Prescription Medication ◽  
Pain Medication ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Medication Exposure

Aim: To study what medication fathers are being prescribed in the months preceding conception. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of Danish national registries, comprising all births in Denmark 1997–2017 (1.3 million births). Time trends and absolute levels of paternal prescription medication in the 6 months prior to conception were assessed. While all medications were examined ( N = 1335), we focused on the main medication groups, medications that have increased in use over time, and medications for which previous evidence exists of an effect on sperm quality. Results: The average number of prescriptions increased over the study period (from 0.75 prescriptions to 0.82 per birth). Polypharmacy (three or more prescriptions) increased from less than 8% to 10% of fathers. The use of pain medication, proton-pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and some inhalants have all increased markedly over the last 20 years. Conclusions: Potential harm to the offspring done by paternal medication may present an increasing problem. As paternal medication exposure is increasing, examination of generational effects, such as major birth defects, is necessary.

A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Objectification and Motherhood

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-538
Author(s):  
Olivia Donati Beech ◽  
Leah Kaufmann ◽  
Joel Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Objectification Theory ◽  
Body Shame ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Fear Of Childbirth ◽  
Healthy Relationships ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Self Objectification

Objectification theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding how socialization and experiences of objectification can lead women to place excessive value on their appearance—a process known as self-objectification. Despite the number of women that are mothers, the application of objectification theory to motherhood has been relatively limited. This review synthesizes the available research exploring objectification during motherhood. We conducted a systematic search for published and unpublished articles that quantitatively examined the objectification of, or self-objectification during, motherhood across five databases in March 2019. The search yielded 23 studies across 20 articles, which in combination revealed strong evidence of societal objectification of mothers and self-objectification by mothers. Effects were found for pregnant and postpartum women, in both community and university samples of mothers. Outcomes included more body shame, concerns about the negative impact of breastfeeding, barriers to breastfeeding, fear of childbirth, disordered eating, and greater appearance concerns in mothers, and sexualized behaviors and body surveillance for their children. Some evidence indicated that self-objectifying may be protective for mothers in certain situations, but it was mostly associated with harmful consequences. Finally, some evidence suggested that there may be age and generational effects of objectification, which may impact all women, including mothers. We hope these findings highlight the benefits for women to engage in healthy relationships with their bodies and to consider the functionality of their body as it changes in preparation for entering motherhood.

Trans-generational effects of copper on nerve damage in Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 131324
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Chao Zhao ◽  
Hu Zhang ◽  
Qiang Lu ◽  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Nerve Damage ◽  
Generational Effects

Trans generational effects of the neurotoxin BMAA on the aquatic grazer Daphnia magna

2015 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 98-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth J. Faassen ◽  
María García-Altares ◽  
Mariana Mendes e Mello ◽  
Miquel Lürling
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Generational Effects

scholarly journals Long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on sheep behaviour

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 20140273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Clark ◽  
Joanna Murrell ◽  
Mia Fernyhough ◽  
Treasa O'Rourke ◽  
Michael Mendl
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Sensitivity ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Relative Paucity ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Generational Effects

Early life experiences can have profound long-term, and sometimes trans-generational, effects on individual phenotypes. However, there is a relative paucity of knowledge about effects on pain sensitivity, even though these may impact on an individual's health and welfare, particularly in farm animals exposed to painful husbandry procedures. Here, we tested in sheep whether neonatal painful and non-painful challenges can alter pain sensitivity in adult life, and also in the next generation. Ewes exposed to tail-docking or a simulated mild infection (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) on days 3–4 of life showed higher levels of pain-related behaviour when giving birth as adults compared with control animals. LPS-treated ewes also gave birth to lambs who showed decreased pain sensitivity in standardized tests during days 2–3 of life. Our results demonstrate long-term and trans-generational effects of neonatal experience on pain responses in a commercially important species and suggest that variations in early life management can have important implications for animal health and welfare.

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