Evolutionary Biology at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. New Concepts of Directed Evolution in the 1900–1930s

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-51
Author(s):  
Igor Popov
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-359
Author(s):  
Aoife Lynch

This essay views science as a creative mask for the poetry and philosophy of W.B. Yeats. It explores the changing worldview which occurred at the beginning of the twentieth century with the discovery of wave-particle duality by Max Planck in 1900. It considers the new concepts of reality which arose at this time in relation to modernism and Yeats's response to the paradigmatic change of era he was a part of. Accordingly, the poet's understanding of universal history in A Vision (1925, 1937) is used alongside close readings of his poetry to evince an argument which unites that poetry with philosophy, scientific theory, and modernism as aspects of one universe of knowledge which refracts different aspects of itself through the prism of time.


2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Luz Paz-Agras

The Avant-Garde movements of the twentieth century explored the creative possibilities of new types of media in architecture, such as the photographic camera or cinema. In a series of experimental projects, authors such as El Lissitzky based their work on assimilating the human eye with a mechanical lens, making it possible to create new concepts of space. A simultaneous consideration of the resources of Vertov’s Cine-Eye in relation to the exhibition projects of El Lissitzky reveals some of his proposals as paradigmatic examples of the perceptive experimentation of the viewer in relation to art, and in a wider sense, to architecture. By analysing the cinematic resources of the film <em>Man with a Movie Camera</em> (1929), architectural aspects are analysed in the exhibition spaces of the Abstract Cabinet and PRESSA, identifying connections that break down the boundaries between the different disciplines.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Shrestha ◽  
Ausif Mahmood

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a metaheuristic used in solving combinatorial optimization problems. Inspired by evolutionary biology, GA uses selection, crossover, and mutation operators to efficiently traverse the solution search space. This paper proposes nature inspired fine-tuning to the crossover operator using the untapped idea of Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). mtDNA is a small subset of the overall DNA. It differentiates itself by inheriting entirely from the female, while the rest of the DNA is inherited equally from both parents. This unique characteristic of mtDNA can be an effective mechanism to identify members with similar genes and restrict crossover between them. It can reduce the rate of dilution of diversity and result in delayed convergence. In addition, we scale the well-known Island Model, where instances of GA are run independently and population members exchanged periodically, to a Continental Model. In this model, multiple web services are executed with each web service running an island model. We applied the concept of mtDNA in solving Traveling Salesman Problem and to train Neural Network for function approximation. Our implementation tests show that leveraging these new concepts of mtDNA and Continental Model results in relative improvement of the optimization quality of GA.


2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 5046-5054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhoutong Sun ◽  
Ylva Wikmark ◽  
Jan-E. Bäckvall ◽  
Manfred T. Reetz

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Bock

Ernst Walter Mayr was a person of the twentieth century, having missed only a few years at the beginning of that century and lived into a few years of the twenty–first. He was a naturalist all of his life which established the foundation for his career as an evolutionary biologist. Often called the ‘Darwin of the twentieth century’, Ernst Mayr was clearly one of the best–known evolutionary biologists of his time, being one of the major architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis of 1937–48 and serving as the major founder of the Society for the Study of Evolution and of its journal Evolution . Although he was born and educated in Germany, Ernst was an American scientist, having worked at the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, for 74 of his 100 years. Almost all of his publications were in the area of evolutionary biology; he published very few papers in functional biology. The most technical tool that he used was a Dictaphone. Ernst was truly a non–technical person and complained in his later years about libraries putting their catalogues in an electronic form because he did not know how to type – he did not even know the location of the keys on the keyboard – which delayed him greatly finding books he did not know. Computers were out of the question. He was outgoing, sought out interesting people whether they were important or not, talked to them, listened to what they said, read intensively, and thought deeply about what he took in. He had an amazing memory, but more importantly he could readily put the bits of knowledge together into new and significant ideas. He was a real teacher and simply could not allow someone to someone to leave with wrong ideas. Ernst had strongly held ideas and was firm in them; hence many people considered him to be overly dogmatic. He was interested in what was correct and not necessarily who was correct. He would argue strongly for his ideas, but he would change his position readily if he was convinced of the opposing stance. One had to be certain of one's facts and logic in any discussion with Ernst, which prevented many students and co–workers from discussing controversial ideas with him, something that made him sad. I can recall clearly his statement that ‘My bark is worse than my bite.’


Apeiron ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaya Honda

AbstractThis paper revives a series of discussions held in mid-twentieth century about Plato’s Symposium and, based on this, provides a logical basis for a potential theory on virtue ethics, which holds that naturalism is consistent with evolutionary biology. Specifically, this paper demonstrates how Diotima (who is described as young Socrates’s teacher on love, or eros) could defend her theory of identity vis-à-vis how humans naturally tend to survive in ways characteristic of their species over time.


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