Supporting the Acquisition of Expertise: A Challenge for Research

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hans Gruber ◽  
Christian Harteis
Keyword(s):  
Acquisition Of Expertise

Innate talent or deliberate practice as determinants of exceptional performance: Are we asking the right question?

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
The Right ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise

Howe et al. proposed that the “talent account” is not suited to explain exceptional performance in specific domains. Their conclusion that early experiences and deliberate practice are highly important for high levels of skill is supported by numerous studies on the acquisition of expertise. However, the two popular views they contrast (experts are born versus experts are made) do not seem representative of current theorizing. Models that integrate the effects of basic abilities and deliberate practice are more appropriate in light of the available evidence.

Connecting the dots: like watching a movie…critically

Diagnosis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-67
Author(s):  
Gustavo R. Heudebert
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Encounter ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Diagnosis And Management ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Connecting The Dots ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise ◽  
Formative Years

AbstractAcquisition of expertise in the diagnosis and management of patients requires years of practice; exposure to diverse clinical entities is critical as well as the myriad ways in which the same disease can present in a given patient. However, this repeated exposure has to be accompanied by two critical elements; first, the novice needs the guidance of an expert or master to appreciate the nuances and subtleties in making a diagnosis or taking a course of action. Second, and perhaps most importantly, the physician needs to acquire the habit of reflecting on and in actions during the clinical encounter. Unguided repetition during formative years or lack of critical introspection during practice hinders the progression to expertise. In a way, a complex clinical encounter is akin to watching a complex movie; it takes repeated exposure to the movie to understand the subtleties the director is utilizing to understand the plot in its entirety.

Modeling Experts with Fast-and-Frugal Heuristics

2019 ◽  
pp. 148-172
Author(s):  
Ulrich Hoffrage
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Fast And Frugal Heuristics ◽  
Complex Calculation ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Knowledge Memory ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise

According to the program reviewed in this chapter, people—including experts—use fast-and-frugal heuristics. These heuristics are models of bounded rationality that function well under limited knowledge, memory, and computational capacities. These heuristics are ecologically rational: they are fitted to the structure of information in the environment. While studying experts in the context of this program amounts to modeling them with fast-and-frugal heuristics, studying the acquisition of expertise focuses on how laypeople learn such heuristics. Experts can be viewed as intuitive statisticians. They have larger samples than novices and they are—through experience, education, and feedback—able to construct both accurate models of their environment and smart heuristics. Because fast-and-frugal heuristics do not require complex calculation and are typically easy to set up, this program offers a straightforward way to aid experts: After the heuristics’ performance has been determined under various environmental conditions, experts can be educated about these results.

What are the features of an expert haematological microscopist?

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (10) ◽  
pp. 1108-1111
Author(s):  
D Galvani
Keyword(s):  
Peer Review ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Deliberate Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Reasoning ◽  
Semistructured Interview ◽  
Refresher Training ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise

Aims:To determine what skills make a good consultant haematological microscopist; to explore how these skills develop during training and to determine whether these skills are maintained following training.Methods:Twenty consultant haematologists underwent a semistructured interview to explore these issues. The interviews were transcribed and analysed for common themes using the N-vivo analytic package. This provides rich subjective qualitative data as opposed to hard objective quantitative data.Results:Experience, methodicity and interest were the commonest skills mentioned. However, 25% of interviewees admitted they no longer followed a format when reporting. Interviewees agreed they had passed from a hypothetico-deductive to a scheme-inductive diagnostic reasoning model during acquisition of expertise. Only 20% had undertaken refresher training since becoming consultants, but the majority undertake some peer review of their work.Conclusions:These skills could form the basis of vocational and revalidation assessments in the practice of haematological microscopy. The elucidation of such skill development can help refine standards and remedial training through the process of “deliberate practice.” Finally, the low uptake of refresher courses for established consultants needs serious consideration.

scholarly journals Why Scientific Research is Imperative for Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development in Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Bilal U. Haq
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Expert Advice ◽  
Technological Breakthrough ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Leadership ◽  
The Government ◽  
Acquisition Of Expertise ◽  
Innovation And Entrepreneurship

Indigenous scientific research is vital for a country’s long-term economic growth. The simple transference of technology or acquisition of expertise ultimately has developmental limitations. Examples from the hydrocarbon industry clearly illustrate this paradox: oil-rich developing countries can afford to procure expert advice with ease, but rarely develop the new skills essential to make the next technological breakthrough or scientific paradigm shift. Underlying this failing is often the absence of a culture of open scientific enquiry. For resource-deficient countries, this is compounded by the dearth of infrastructure. Such countries argue that they cannot afford to finance scientific research, although this does not always require large investments up front. Software research and development is a good example, requiring primarily technical knowhow, skilled labor and a desire for innovative success. The deficit of scientific research in Pakistan stems from many of these factors, even though the requisite human resources are available in abundance. Innovation and entrepreneurship requires a special mix of encouragement and incentives from the government and industry. This paper outlines some of these issues based on the author’s experience of several decades of research leadership and funding in the US and Europe, and his involvement in transferring advanced scientific knowledge to developing as well as developed countries.

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