Regional Arrangements for Trade in Northeast Asia: Cooperation and Competition between China and Japan

Author(s):  
Mie Oba
Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Evelyn Goh

Chapter 7 reiterates the authors’ argument that present-day tensions in Northeast Asia stem from an interrupted, partial power transition between China and Japan. It justifies the perspective that there is a longer historical trajectory to this transition, and that there remain opportunities for a great power bargain between them. Using the historical ‘lessons’, the chapter develops four key scenarios for strategic relations between China and Japan in the decades ahead, with explicit attention to their associated socio-normative contexts and distributive and regulative bargains. The scenarios sketch a historically informed evaluation of the prospects for the region, the circumstances under which a new great power bargain between China and Japan might be possible or necessary, and how the history problem plays into these scenarios.


Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Evelyn Goh

Chapter 4 begins in present-day NEA, and unpacks its core strategic problem of uncertainty associated with an apparent power transition, relating it squarely to the enforced alienation between the two indigenous great powers, China and Japan. It argues that neither a purely power-political understanding nor one that overly emphasizes nationalism and domestic impediments has been especially helpful to advancing our understanding of how Sino-Japanese alienation serves to constrain the development of East Asia’s post-Cold War order. Instead, one should understand the contemporary problem as resulting from the disintegration of the region’s post-Second World War settlement that centred on the United States acting as a ring-holder between China and Japan. Introducing the great power bargain framework, it shows how we might usefully distinguish between the constitutive and regulative aspects of such bargains. It then employs this framework to analyse Sino-Japanese alienation after the long nineteenth century, examining how efforts to create a partial new bargain between 1945 and 1989 were eventually undermined by the two countries’ changing characters and politics after the Cold War.


Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Evelyn Goh

Chapter 1 explores how deeply connected, and in many ways similar, China and Japan are. Part of this involves their shared cultural roots, but a world historical perspective on Northeast Asia also shows how Japan and China have often followed similar trajectories, albeit sometimes at different times, in their attempts to come to terms with their regions, modernity, and the Western-dominated global power structure. Their similarity makes their mutual alienation something of a puzzle, not least because there are other, potentially more constructive ways of seeing the relationship between the two than that embodied in the history problem perspective. There are opportunities as well as problems in the shared histories of China and Japan. If the relationship between China and Japan is in some important ways defined by the narcissism of small differences, then the key to changing it is to change the historical perspectives that support such a view.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9585
Author(s):  
Yu Yong Ung ◽  
Park Sung Ho ◽  
Jung Dong Ho ◽  
Lee Chang Hee

The International Maritime Organization has strengthened global environmental regulations related to sulfur and nitrogen oxides contained in ship fuel oil since the beginning of 2020. One strategy to comply with the regulations is to fuel ships with liquefied natural gas (LNG) rather than with traditional heavy fuel oil. China and Japan are both developing a business structure for the bunkering of LNG through public–private partnerships to expand their leadership in the field in Northeast Asia and secure a competitive advantage. Compared to China and Japan, Korea has relatively inadequate laws, policy support, and best practices for safe and efficient LNG bunkering for ships. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the LNG bunkering regulation systems in China and Japan and addresses how these systems can be mirrored by Korea to improve the Korean system. It compares the legislative and normative rules of China and Japan regarding the complex global scenario of maritime transportation. The results show that Korea must revise its guidelines and create the advanced institutional framework required for the LNG bunkering market to support an eco-friendly shipping industry and maintain a competitive edge against China and Japan.


Author(s):  
Alyssa Park

This book examines Korean migration and settlement in the Tumen valley, officials’ views of Korean migrants, and competing attempts by Korea, Russia (Soviet Union), China, and Japan to govern them in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that these attempts derived from broader aspirations on the part of statesmen to establish exclusive claims over territory and people—the definition of modern sovereignty—in a borderland where such claims had been asserted but not actively enforced. Migrants posed a challenge because they transgressed borders and defied official efforts to contain their movements and to define them as part of distinct political communities. The book analyzes jurisdictional debates, diplomatic negotiations, international treaties, border regulations, legal categorization of subjects and aliens, and cultural and religious missions that were carried out among Koreans. It further explores migrants’ subversion and use of new laws to their own ends, especially in Russia. Integrating sources across contiguous geographies, this transnational history revises nationalist and imperialist histories that have subsumed the region and its Koreans under narratives of colonization or assimilation by a particular state and instead foregrounds the development of common concerns about mobility, borders, and political belonging across Northeast Asia.


Author(s):  
Barry Buzan ◽  
Evelyn Goh

Bitterly contested memories of war, colonization and empire among Japan, China, and Korea have increasingly threatened regional order and security over the three decades since the 1980s. In Sino-Japanese relations, identity, territory, and power pull together in a particularly lethal direction, generating dangerous tensions in both geopolitical and memory rivalries. Buzan and Goh explore a new approach to dealing with this history problem, first, by constructing a more balanced and global view of their shared history, and second, by sketching out the possibilities for a great power bargain in Northeast Asia. The book first puts Northeast Asia’s history since 1840 into both a world historical and a systematic normative context, exposing the parochial nature of the history debate in relation to what is a bigger shared story. It then explores the conditions under which China and Japan have been able to reach strategic bargains in the course of their long historical relationship, and uses this to sketch out the main modes of agreement that might underpin a new contemporary great power bargain between them in four future scenarios for the region. The frameworks adopted here consciously blend historical contextualization; enduring concerns with wealth, power, and interest; and the complex relationship between Northeast Asian states’ evolving encounters with each other and with global international society.


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