Facial Shape Variation of U.S. Respirator Users

2009 ◽  
pp. 578-587
Author(s):  
Ziqing Zhuang ◽  
Dennis Slice ◽  
Stacey Benson ◽  
Douglas Landsittel ◽  
Dennis Viscusi
Keyword(s):  
Shape Variation ◽  
Facial Shape

scholarly journals Novel Genetic Loci Affecting Facial Shape Variation in Humans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Xiong ◽  
Haibo Zhou ◽  
Gabriela Dankova ◽  
Laurence J. Howe ◽  
Myoung Keun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Variation ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Facial Shape

scholarly journals The effect of hypoxia on facial shape variation and disease phenotypes in chicken embryos

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Smith ◽  
D. Hu ◽  
N. M. Young ◽  
A. J. Lainoff ◽  
H. A. Jamniczky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Variation ◽  
Chicken Embryos ◽  
Disease Phenotypes ◽  
Facial Shape

scholarly journals How and why patterns of sexual dimorphism in human faces vary across the world

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Kleisner ◽  
Petr Tureček ◽  
S. Craig Roberts ◽  
Jan Havlíček ◽  
Jaroslava Varella Valentova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Human Faces

AbstractSexual selection, including mate choice and intrasexual competition, is responsible for the evolution of some of the most elaborated and sexually dimorphic traits in animals. Although there is sexual dimorphism in the shape of human faces, it is not clear whether this is similarly due to mate choice, or whether mate choice affects only part of the facial shape difference between men and women. Here we explore these questions by investigating patterns of both facial shape and facial preference across a diverse set of human populations. We find evidence that human populations vary substantially and unexpectedly in both the magnitude and direction of facial sexually dimorphic traits. In particular, European and South American populations display larger levels of facial sexual dimorphism than African populations. Neither cross-cultural differences in facial shape variation, sex differences in body height, nor differing preferences for facial femininity and masculinity across countries, explain the observed patterns of facial dimorphism. Altogether, the association between sexual shape dimorphism and attractiveness is moderate for women and weak (or absent) for men. Analysis that distinguishes between allometric and non-allometric components reveals that non-allometric facial dimorphism is preferred in women’s faces but not in faces of men. This might be due to different regimes of ongoing sexual selection acting on men, such as stronger intersexual selection for body height and more intense intrasexual physical competition, compared with women.

scholarly journals Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Xiong ◽  
Gabriela Dankova ◽  
Laurence J. Howe ◽  
Myoung Keun Lee ◽  
Pirro G. Hysi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Crest ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractThe human face represents a combined set of highly heritable phenotypes, but knowledge on its genetic architecture remains limited despite the relevance for various fields of science and application. A series of genome-wide association studies on 78 facial shape phenotypes quantified from 3-dimensional facial images of 10,115 Europeans identified 24 genetic loci reaching genome-wide significant association, among which 17 were previously unreported. A multi-ethnic study in additional 7,917 individuals confirmed 13 loci including 8 unreported ones. A global map of polygenic face scores assembled facial features in major continental groups consistent with anthropological knowledge. Analyses of epigenomic datasets from cranial neural crest cells revealed abundant cis-regulatory activities at the face-associated genetic loci. Luciferase reporter assays in neural crest progenitor cells highlighted enhancer activities of several face-associated DNA variants. These results substantially advance our understanding of the genetic basis underlying human facial variation and provide candidates for future in-vivo functional studies.

scholarly journals Second-to-fourth digit ratio and facial shape in boys: the lower the digit ratio, the more robust the face

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1737) ◽  
pp. 2457-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstanze Meindl ◽  
Sonja Windhager ◽  
Bernard Wallner ◽  
Katrin Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Digit Ratio ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Lower Face ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
The Face

During human ontogeny, testosterone has powerful organizational and activational effects on the male organism. This has led to the hypothesis that the prenatal environment (as studied through the second-to-fourth digit ratio, 2D : 4D) is not only associated with robust adult male faces that are perceived as dominant and masculine, but also that there is an activational step during puberty. To test the latter, we collected digit ratios and frontal photographs of right-handed Caucasian boys (aged 4–11 years) along with age, body height and body weight. Using geometric morphometrics, we show a significant relationship between facial shape and 2D : 4D before the onset of puberty (explaining 14.5% of shape variation; p = 0.014 after 10 000 permutations, n = 17). Regression analyses depict the same shape patterns as in adults, namely that the lower the 2D : 4D, the smaller and shorter the forehead, the thicker the eyebrows, the wider and shorter the nose, and the larger the lower face. Our findings add to previous evidence that certain adult male facial characteristics that elicit attributions of masculinity and dominance are determined very early in ontogeny. This has implications for future studies in various fields ranging from social perception to life-history strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of low-frequency coding variants on human facial shape

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongjing Liu ◽  
Nora Alhazmi ◽  
Harold Matthews ◽  
Myoung Keun Lee ◽  
Jiarui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Facial Morphology ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Frequency Coding ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Coding Variants ◽  
Multivariate Kernel Regression

AbstractThe contribution of low-frequency variants to the genetic architecture of normal-range facial traits is unknown. We studied the influence of low-frequency coding variants (MAF < 1%) in 8091 genes on multi-dimensional facial shape phenotypes in a European cohort of 2329 healthy individuals. Using three-dimensional images, we partitioned the full face into 31 hierarchically arranged segments to model facial morphology at multiple levels, and generated multi-dimensional phenotypes representing the shape variation within each segment. We used MultiSKAT, a multivariate kernel regression approach to scan the exome for face-associated low-frequency variants in a gene-based manner. After accounting for multiple tests, seven genes (AR, CARS2, FTSJ1, HFE, LTB4R, TELO2, NECTIN1) were significantly associated with shape variation of the cheek, chin, nose and mouth areas. These genes displayed a wide range of phenotypic effects, with some impacting the full face and others affecting localized regions. The missense variant rs142863092 in NECTIN1 had a significant effect on chin morphology and was predicted bioinformatically to have a deleterious effect on protein function. Notably, NECTIN1 is an established craniofacial gene that underlies a human syndrome that includes a mandibular phenotype. We further showed that nectin1a mutations can affect zebrafish craniofacial development, with the size and shape of the mandibular cartilage altered in mutant animals. Findings from this study expanded our understanding of the genetic basis of normal-range facial shape by highlighting the role of low-frequency coding variants in several novel genes.

scholarly journals Author response: Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziyi Xiong ◽  
Gabriela Dankova ◽  
Laurence J Howe ◽  
Myoung Keun Lee ◽  
Pirro G Hysi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Author Response ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Genetic Loci ◽  
Facial Shape

scholarly journals Hypoxic environments cause differential facial shape variation in zebrafish

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trish Elizabeth Parsons ◽  
Seth M Weinberg ◽  
Michael Tsang ◽  
Alexandre R Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Shape Variation ◽  
Facial Shape

scholarly journals Impact of low-frequency coding variants on human facial shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongjing Liu ◽  
Nora Alhazmi ◽  
Harold Matthews ◽  
Myoung Keun Lee ◽  
Jiarui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Missense Variant ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Frequency Coding ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Coding Variants

AbstractThe contribution of low-frequency variants to the genetic architecture of normal-range facial traits is unknown. We studied the influence of low-frequency coding variants (MAF < 1%) on multi-dimensional facial shape phenotypes in 2329 healthy Europeans. We used MultiSKAT o scan the exome for face-associated low-frequency variants in a gene-based manner. Seven genes (AR, CARS2, FTSJ1, HFE, LTB4R, TELO2, NECTIN1) were significantly associated with shape variation of the cheek, chin, nose and mouth areas. These genes displayed a wide range of phenotypic effects, with some impacting the full face and others affecting localized regions. The missense variant rs142863092 in NECTIN1 had a significant effect on chin morphology, and was predicted bioinformatically to be deleterious. NECTIN1 is an established craniofacial gene that underlies a human syndrome that includes a mandibular phenotype. We further showed that nectin1a mutations can affect zebrafish craniofacial development, with the size and shape of the mandibular cartilage altered in mutant animals. These Findings highlighted the role of low-frequency coding variants in normal-range facial variation.

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