Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO), in Retinal Examination

Introduction: Kidney biopsies (KBs) are performed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) to diagnose non-diabetic or hypertensive kidney disease (NDHKD) potentially requiring specific management compared to diabetic and or hypertensive nephropathy (absence of NDHKD). Indications for KB are based on the presence of atypical features compared to the typical course of diabetic nephropathy. In this study, we assessed the association of different patterns of atypical features, or KB indications, with NDHKD. Methods: Native KBs performed in patients with T2D were analyzed. Data were collected from the patients’ records. KB indications were determined according to the presence of different atypical features considered sequentially: (1) presence of any feature suggesting NDHKD which is not among the following ones, (2) recent onset of nephrotic syndrome, (3) low or rapidly declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), (4) rapid increase in proteinuria, (5) short duration of diabetes, (6) presence of hematuria, or (7) normal retinal examination. Results: Among the 463 KBs analyzed, NDHKD was diagnosed in 40% of the total population and 54, 40, 24, and 7% of the KBs performed for indications 1–4 respectively. Conversely, no patient who underwent KB for indications 5–7 displayed NDHKD. Logistic regression analyses identified eGFRCKD-EPI >15 mL/min/1.73 m2, urinary protein-to-Cr ratio <0.3 g/mmol, hematuria, HbA1c <7%, and diabetes duration <5 years as predictors of NDHKD, independently from the indication group. Conclusion: NDHKD is frequent in T2D. Despite the association of hematuria with NDHKD, our results suggest that presence of hematuria and absence of DR are insufficient to indicate KB in the absence of concurrent atypical features. Conversely, rapid progression of proteinuria and rapid deterioration of eGFR are major signals of NDHKD.

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Protective eye filters for endolaser therapy with the indirect ophthalmoscope

International Ophthalmology ◽

10.1007/bf00225937 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

GholamA. Peyman

Keyword(s):

Indirect Ophthalmoscope

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Study of Occurrence of Cataract and their Surgical Management in Dogs

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-4235 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Benudhar Mahanand ◽

Jayakrushna Das

Keyword(s):

Fundus Examination ◽

Slit Lamp ◽

Small Incision Cataract Surgery ◽

Fundus Camera ◽

Small Incision ◽

Pupillary Light ◽

Maze Test ◽

Different Types ◽

Schiøtz Tonometry ◽

Indirect Ophthalmoscope

Background: Present study investigated the occurrence of cataract in dogs presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology under Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar during a period of four months. During the study period, a total number of 3847 canine cases were registered at TVCC, out of which 23 cases registered under the RKVY project for different types of ophthalmic affections. There were only eight canine cataract cases with overall prevalence of 0.2% among total canines presented to TVCC and 34.78% of total canines presented with some sorts of ophthalmic affections. Methods: Menace reflex, pupillary light reflex, maze test, obstacle test, catoptrics test, Schirmer’s tear test (STT), Schiotz tonometry, Slit lamp bio microscopy and fundus examination -using indirect ophthalmoscope (IO) and fundus camera, were carried out in all the cases studied. Result: Occurrence of cataract was higher in Spitz (50%). Males had more incidences (62.5%) of cataract. The ages of the dogs were less than 10 years. B mode ultra-sonographic (USG) examination revealed increased echogenecity of lens in all cataract affected dogs while corneal opacification was found in two cases. Cataract was extracted by phaco-emulsification in three dogs and by small incision cataract surgery (SICS) technique in one dog.

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