This paper reports on the planning, procedure, results and analysis of a carbon dioxide (CO2) well test performed on Buttress–1, a well located in the Otway Basin, Victoria, Australia. A large-scale pilot study of CO2 sequestration is planned by the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) in this area, which will involve, inter alia, taking CO2 from the Buttress reservoir and injecting it into a nearby depleted gas field. Understanding the production characteristics of this well is important to the success of this pilot, which forms part of a more extensive study to establish viable means to mitigate CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. This general backdrop forms the motivation for this study.Testing comprised of a standard suite of draw-downs and build-ups to determine reservoir/well characteristics, such as the well deliverability, the non-Darcy skin coefficient and the average reservoir permeability and volume.Compared to the wealth of experience developed over many years in testing oil and gas wells, the collective experience in CO2 well testing is extremely limited. The distinguishing features between this test and those of a typical natural gas well test need to be emphasised. Although, in general, flow testing a CO2 well should be similar to testing a natural gas well, differences in the thermodynamic properties of CO2 affect the analysis of the well test considerably. In particular, the non-Darcy skin effect is more pronounced and the wellbore and surface flow can involve dramatic phase changes, such as the formation of ice. Also, since CO2 is more compressible than a typical natural gas, the accurate measurement of the flow rate becomes more challenging. It is also apparent that the use of pseudo pressure, as opposed to simpler methods of dealing with the pressure dependency of key properties, is essential to the successful analysis of the pressure response to the CO2 production.
Effects of shallow natural gas well structures and associated roads on grassland songbird reproductive success in Alberta, Canada