Mode and Physiological Consequence of Aal-Toxin Interaction with the asc Locus in Tomato

1989 ◽  
pp. 113-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Gilchrist ◽  
J. J. Harada
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Consequence ◽  
Aal Toxin ◽  
Asc Locus

Oxytocin and cortisol release during suckling, hand-milking and machine milking in camels

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Marwa Brahmi ◽  
Moufida Atigui ◽  
Ihmen Hammadi ◽  
Jacques Portanguen ◽  
Mohamed Hammadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Milk Ejection ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Machine Milking ◽  
Physiological Consequence ◽  
Peak Release ◽  
Cortisol Release ◽  
Concentration Patterns

Abstract This research paper addresses the hypothesis that oxytocin (OT) could be released during suckling and during milking with and without the presence of a calf and that this release could be regulated by maternal behaviour. Plasma concentration patterns of OT and cortisol (CORT) were measured in six Tunisian dromedary camels during 2 suckling episodes, 2 manual milking episodes with calves beside the mother and 2 machine milking episodes without calves present. Various patterns of OT release were observed between each camel including specific two peak release patterns. Higher plasma OT concentrations were found during the suckling and hand-milking episodes with simultaneous suckling of calves, than during the machine milking episodes without calves. Exclusive mechanical milking episodes also evoked significant mean OT release, although greatly reduced compared to suckling and hand milking. The low basal levels and classical CORT release patterns suggested non-stressful management practices were used and there were very limited differences in udder stimulation between managements. The OT release induced by exclusive suckling and suckling together with hand-milking gives a reference point for what a good milk ejection stimulation is in camels. The important and specific reduction of OT release during machine milking without the calf present could be a physiological consequence of the maternal behaviour (selectivity for the own young) and to a lesser extent explained by a lower stimulation by machine milking.

ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of AAL-Toxin TA.

ChemInform ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (45) ◽  
pp. no-no
Author(s):  
Hideaki Oikawa ◽  
Daisuke Yamawaki ◽  
Takashi Kagawa ◽  
Akitami Ichihara
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Aal Toxin

scholarly journals Physiological Consequence of Disruption of theVMA1Gene in the Riboflavin OverproducerAshbya gossypii

1999 ◽  
Vol 274 (14) ◽  
pp. 9442-9448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Förster ◽  
Maria A. Santos ◽  
Susanne Ruffert ◽  
Reinhard Krämer ◽  
José L. Revuelta
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Consequence

scholarly journals Critical Role of COI1-Dependent Jasmonate Pathway in AAL toxin induced PCD in Tomato Revealed by Comparative Proteomics

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhang ◽  
Jin Koh ◽  
Lihong Liu ◽  
Zhiyong Shao ◽  
Haoran Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Comparative Proteomics ◽  
Aal Toxin

scholarly journals Post-operative capsular opacification

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Raj ◽  
AR Vasavada ◽  
SR Kaid Johar ◽  
VA Vasavada ◽  
VA Vasavada
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Crystalline Lens ◽  
Posterior Capsular Opacification ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Physiological Consequence ◽  
Culture Models ◽  
Capsular Bag

Post-operative capsular opacification (PCO) is a multifactorial physiological consequence of cataract surgery. Opacification involving the central posterior capsule has a significant impact on high and low contrast acuity and low contrast sensitivity. The assessment of PCO on cadaver eyes, experimental studies and culture models and in clinical studies has provided an understanding of its pathogenesis. The proliferation, migration and abnormal differentiation of residual lens epithelial cells and fibers in the capsular bag have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PCO. The incidence and severity of PCO correlates to the use of surgical techniques, intraocular lens (IOL) optic edge designs and IOL materials. This article summarizes the clinical studies with recommendations for retarding the development of central PCO. It discusses experiments with pharmacological agents broadly categorized as anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulating, antiproliferative, antiadhering and antitransdifferentiating agents for the prevention of PCO. These studies will remain critical for future endeavors undertaken for the eradication of PCO. Key words: posterior capsular opacification; capsular opacification; cataract; crystalline lens; phacoemulsification DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v1i1.3673 Nep J Oph 2009;1(1):43-59

scholarly journals A Way Forward for Fire-Caused Tree Mortality Prediction: Modeling A Physiological Consequence of Fire

Fire Ecology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen L. Kavanagh ◽  
Matthew B. Dickinson ◽  
Anthony S. Bova
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Mortality Prediction ◽  
Prediction Modeling ◽  
Physiological Consequence

scholarly journals Nonhost Resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana Against Alternaria alternata Involves both Pre- and Postinvasive Defenses but Is Collapsed by AAL-Toxin in the Absence of LOH2

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (7) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayumi Egusa ◽  
Takuya Miwa ◽  
Hironori Kaminaka ◽  
Yoshitaka Takano ◽  
Motoichiro Kodama
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
Necrotrophic Pathogen ◽  
Toxin Resistance ◽  
Tomato Pathotype ◽  
Aal Toxin

The tomato pathotype of Alternaria alternata causes Alternaria stem canker on tomato depending upon the production of the host-specific AAL-toxin. Host defense mechanisms to A. alternata, however, are largely unknown. Here, we elucidate some of the mechanisms of nonhost resistance to A. alternata using Arabidopsis mutants. Wild-type Arabidopsis showed either no symptoms or a hypersensitive reaction (HR) when inoculated with both strains of AAL-toxin-producing and non-producing A. alternata. Yet, when these Arabidopsis penetration (pen) mutants, pen2 and pen3, were challenged with both strains of A. alternata, fungal penetration was possible. However, further fungal development and conidiation were limited on these pen mutants by postinvasion defense with HR-like cell death. Meanwhile, only AAL-toxin-producing A. alternata could invade lag one homologue (loh)2 mutants, which have a defect in the AAL-toxin resistance gene, subsequently allowing the fungus to complete its life cycle. Thus, the nonhost resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to A. alternata consists of multilayered defense systems that include pre-invasion resistance via PEN2 and PEN3 and postinvasion resistance. However, our study also indicates that the pathogen is able to completely overcome the multilayered nonhost resistance if the plant is sensitive to the AAL-toxin, which is an effector of the toxin-dependent necrotrophic pathogen A. alternata.

Sphingosine-related mycotoxins in plant and animal diseases

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 459-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Gilchrist ◽  
Richard M. Bostock ◽  
Hong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Ceramide Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Transport ◽  
Aal Toxin ◽  
Aal Toxins ◽  
Alternaria Stem Canker

The AAL-toxins and fumonisins are a group of chemically related phytotoxic congeners produced by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium moniliforme, respectively, that also are widespread mycotoxins with important health implications. These mycotoxins, which bear a structural relationship to the sphingoid base, sphingosine, also incite maladies in animals ranging from neoplasms to renal, neural, and hepatic necrosis. A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici causes the Alternaria stem canker disease in tomatoes, while F. moniliforme causes pink ear rot of maize and is associated with post-harvest contamination of many different food staples. These toxins are potent inhibitors of ceramide synthase in plants and animals. Sphingoid bases are mediators of signal transduction leading to neoplasms and necrosis in animals. Significant inhibition of ceramide synthase in microsomal preparations of tomato occurs at 20 nM with an I50 in the range of 35–40 nM for both AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB1. In plants, specific alterations of physiological processes associated with cellular response to these toxins appears to be required for cell death. A net decrease in sucrose influx to treated leaves occurs within 4 h of AAL-toxin treatment. Untreated leaves of toxin-resistant and -sensitive isolines of tomato show significant differences in sucrose transport capacity. Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitors mimicked AAL-toxin symptoms and enhanced cell death in susceptible lines of tomato. Conversely, the accumulation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACQ occurred in 1 h and increased rapidly during the next 6 h after exposure to AAL-toxin. ACC accumulation is followed by a burst in ethylene within 12 h. Application of specific inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or ethylene action results in a decrease in toxin-induced cell death. These toxins appear to be useful tools for defining biochemical and molecular features common to induced cell death in both plants and animals. Key words: AAL-toxins, fumonisins, mycotoxins, host-selective toxins, Alternaria stem canker, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium moniliforme.

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