CHARACTERISTICS OF SUITABILITY FOR MACHINE MILKING OF SIMMENTAL COWS AND ITS CROSS-BREED WITH RED-AND-WHITE HOLSTEINS

Для характеристики пригодности к машинному доению коров разной степени кровности по симментальской породе в условиях Поволжья были оценены 237 особей симментальской породы и помесей разной степени кровности по красно-пестрым голштинам (КПГ): 25—50%, 50—75% и выше 75%. Оцениваемыми признаками являются форма вымени и сосков, среднесуточный удой, время доения, интенсивность молокоотдачи. Установлено, что среднесуточный удой в группе коров с кровностью 25—50% по КПГ достоверно (Р<0,01) превышал этот показатель у чистопородных симменталов. Время доения в этой группе (12,23±0,21 мин) было достоверно меньше, а интенсивность молокоотдачи (1,9±0,03 кг/мин) достоверно (Р<0,01) выше по сравнению с чистопородными животными. По величине среднесуточного удоя между коровами с ваннообразной и чашеообразной формами вымени не выявлено достоверных различий, коровы с ваннообразным выменем достоверно (Р<0,05) превосходят особей с округлым выменем. Установлено, что все изученные признаки пригодности к машинному доению достоверно коррелируют друг с другом, что требует обязательного использования хотя бы одного из них при селекционной работе. Коэффициент корреляции между среднесуточным удоем и временем доения колебался от 0,416 до 0,603 во всех исследуемых группах. Взаимосвязь между суточным удоем и скоростью доения варьировала от 0,316 до 0,758. Ее показатели были значимыми при Р<0,01 во всех исследуемых группах. Между среднесуточным удоем и скоростью доения выявлена положительная связь, которая меняется от сильной до почти слабой с увеличением кровности по КПГ. To characterize the suitability for machine milking of cows of different pedigree in the Simmental breed in the Volga region we evaluated 237 cows of Simmental breed and crossbreeds of different blood streak by red and white Holstein: 25—50%, 50—75% and above 75%. The udder and teat shape, daily milk yield, time of milking and intensity of milk yield were evaluated. It was established that the average daily milk yield in the group of cows with blood 25—50% by Holstein was significantly higher than that in the group of purebred Simmental cows (P<0.01). The milking time in this group (12.23±0.21 min) was significantly shorter, and the milking intensity (1.9±0.03 kg/min) was significantly higher in comparison with purebred cows (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the average daily milk yield between the cows with bowl-shaped and tub-shaped udders, the cows with tub-shaped udders significantly exceeded the cows with round udders (P<0.05). It was found that all the studied traits of suitability for machine milking significantly correlate with each other, which requires obligatory use of at least one of them in selection work. The correlation coefficient between the average daily milk yield and time of milking ranged from 0.416 to 0.603 and the correlations were significant in all the groups. In our study, the correlation between daily milk yield and milking rate ranged from 0.316 to 0.758, its values were significant at P<0.01 in all groups under investigation. Positive correlation between average daily milk yield and milking rate was found in all studied groups; however, it varied from strong to almost weak with the increase of the blooding rate.

MILKING EQUIPMENT OF " YALYNKA" (“HERRINGBONE”) "EUROCLASS 1200" TYPE TESTING RESULTS

The purpose of the research is – to evaluate the milking platform of "Yalynka" ("Herringbone") "EuroClass 1200" type manufactured by "GEA" (Germany) for milking cows based on the results of experimental testing. Research methods. During the testing of the milking parlor "Yalynka" "EuroClass 1200" type the quality of the technological process was determined using the methods described in ISO 5707:2007, ISO 6690:2007, DSTU 7435:2013 and DSTU 3662:2018, operational-technological and economic evaluation was carried out according to DSTU 8424:2015 and DSTU 4397:2005, safety and ergonomics of the equipment were determined according to DSTU EN ISO 12100:2014. Research results. According to the results of experimental testing, it was established that the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type of German production at the appropriate level performs the technological process of machine milking of cows. The obtained research results showed that the average total milking time of one cow is 5,07 minutes, the average intensity of milk excretion as a whole during milking – 2,35 kg / min. Milk obtained during milking cows in terms of quality corresponds to the grade "Extra" in accordance with DSTU 3662: 2018. Devices for controlling the process of milking cows "DemaTron 70" and computer herd management system "Dairy Plan C21" perform the technological process of milking cows in automatic mode, control over the implementation of technical parameters of the milking process, milk accounting and shutdown of milking machines. Based on the results of conformity assessment of the construction of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type in terms of safety and ergonomics, it is established that it meets the requirements of DSTU EN 12100: 2014 and DSTU 60204-1: 2015 for items related to its design, which is the evidence base of its compliance with the Technical Regulations for the Safety of Machinery and the Technical Regulations for Low-Voltage Electrical Equipment. Productivity of the milking installation-platform makes 70 heads / hour. Serves the milking parlor 2 operators of machine milking. Electricity consumption per milking a cow is 0,13 kWh. Annual operating costs are 4247 UAH / head in the conditions of 3 times milking of cows. Conclusions. For the first time in Ukraine, experimental testing of the milking parlor "Yalinka" "EuroClass 1200" type showed that the equipment satisfactorily performs the technological process of machine milking of cows with their loose housing and provides milk of the "Extra" grade. The «Euroclass 1200» «Yalinka» milking parlor is characterized by a high technical level and can be widely used in Ukraine.

The influence of stallions on the properties of the udder of daughters

The presented work is the result of studies of the influence of the linearity of mares of the Russian heavy draft breed on milk productivity, morphological characteristics of the udder and adaptability to machine milking. We examined mares belonging to four lines of stallions: Day laborer, Casket, Svist and Karaul. The calculated milk yield on average per lactation was the highest in mares of the Svist line, and the lowest in the Larchik line. Lifetime milk yield of mares of the Svist line exceeded the same indicator of mares of the Podennik line by 12.13%, of the Karaul line - by 18.51% and the Larchik line - by 47.77%. Studies have shown that Whistle stallions not only contribute to the high milk production of their daughters, but also impart good adaptability to machine milking. Mares of the Larchik line in this population of horses of the Russian heavy draft breed are the least productive and the least adapted to machine milking.

Comparative study of a milking unit pulsation system in laboratory and field conditions

A comparative study of the pulsation phases in classic milking units was performed. The testing of the same is done in laboratory and field conditions (during milking). The pulsation settings at which the test was performed were pulsation rate 60 min-1 and 90 min-1, ratio 50/50% and vacuum mode 50 kPa. The experiments were performed in the laboratory of “Machine milking” (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University) on a milking installation with a pipe line and on a farm for 60 lactating cows at the same milking installation. It was found that the transients (phases “a” and “c”) are significantly reduced during milking. Respectively, the actual phases (phases “b” and “d”) are significantly increased during the milking process. The conclusions are related to the settings and timely diagnostics of the milking machine.

Oxytocin and cortisol release during suckling, hand-milking and machine milking in camels

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that oxytocin (OT) could be released during suckling and during milking with and without the presence of a calf and that this release could be regulated by maternal behaviour. Plasma concentration patterns of OT and cortisol (CORT) were measured in six Tunisian dromedary camels during 2 suckling episodes, 2 manual milking episodes with calves beside the mother and 2 machine milking episodes without calves present. Various patterns of OT release were observed between each camel including specific two peak release patterns. Higher plasma OT concentrations were found during the suckling and hand-milking episodes with simultaneous suckling of calves, than during the machine milking episodes without calves. Exclusive mechanical milking episodes also evoked significant mean OT release, although greatly reduced compared to suckling and hand milking. The low basal levels and classical CORT release patterns suggested non-stressful management practices were used and there were very limited differences in udder stimulation between managements. The OT release induced by exclusive suckling and suckling together with hand-milking gives a reference point for what a good milk ejection stimulation is in camels. The important and specific reduction of OT release during machine milking without the calf present could be a physiological consequence of the maternal behaviour (selectivity for the own young) and to a lesser extent explained by a lower stimulation by machine milking.

EFFECTS OF WEANING SYSTEM ON MILK AND EXTERNAL MAMMARY CONFORMATION TRAITS OF SICILO-SARDE TUNISIAN DAIRY EWE

A better development of the Sicilo-Sarde dairy sheep in Tunisia needs a review of its behavior by adopting early weaning and generalizing mechanical milking that involves an adaptation of the external mammary morphology (MM). Thirty ewes were divided into two groups (early and late weaning; EW and LW respectively) to study the effects of weaning system (WS) and milking time (MT) on milk and external MM traits in early milking period. MM was evaluated by six measurements and three scores of udder and teat. EW group had higher milk production (MP) and lower fat and protein amounts that increased with MT advancement (P0.001). WS did not affect MM traits (P>0.05), only teat length was higher for LW ewes (P0.05). Udder depth, teat diameter, distance between teats and teat angle score decreased with MT (P0.01). Significant interactions were noted between WS and MT for most traits studied. MP was negatively correlated with fat and protein amounts (-0.38 and -0.50 respectively) and moderately correlated with udder depth, cistern height, teat diameter (from 0.31 to 0.42). Fat and protein had negative correlation with udder depth, teat diameter and distance between teats. Higher correlation was determined between udder depth and distance between teats (r=0.60; P0.001). In conclusion, EW system allows a better start of the milk production in early milking period. Cistern height, teat length and teat angle score are the prominent traits which affect milk ability and adaptation of ewe to machine milking and consequently they must be included in selection program.

Machine Milkability of Dromedary Camels: Correlation between Udder Morphology and Milk Flow Traits

This study aims to measure mammary morphological traits with a functional influence on machine milking ability of Tunisian Camels (Camelus dromedarius) and their evolution according to the stage of lactation and parity. Udder and teat measurements were recorded before morning milking and associated with the measurement of milk emission kinetics parameters evaluated with Lactocorder® devices (WMB AG, Balgache, Switzerland) and observations. Three main teat shapes were recorded and their dimensions evolved with parity and stage of lactation. The milk flow curves were classified into three main types according to their maximum and average flow rates and they also evolve according to parity and stage of lactation. An average of 41% of the milk flow curves was bimodal. The correlations showed that some morphological traits were unfavorable to rapid milking and that these increase with parity. Therefore, this study provides the first elements for a morphological selection associated with an aptitude for mechanical milking which appears rather good in our dromedaries. Nevertheless, it will be necessary to monitor a possible negative evolution of the functional and anatomical traits of the udders during the career of the animals.

JUSTIFICATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE-REGIME PARAMETERS OF VARIABLE RUBBER OF VARIABLE SECTION

Domestic and foreign industries do not produce milking machines that would fully comply with the physiology of animals. Full milking of the udder and reduction of cows with ma-stit significantly depends on the operation of the milking machine. The quality of serial milking cups does not fully meet modern zootechnical requirements. In the process of their work, especially at the beginning and at the end of milking cows, "idle" milking can take place at nominal vacuum. Milking at high vacuum often irritates the teat sphincter, which often causes mastitis in animals, followed by cancer. Also, along with the growth of milk production, its quality is extremely important. The main technical solutions for milking machines with controlled change of vacuum pressure are analyzed. Some theoretical and experimental studies of the milking machine, which provides a reduction of the vacuum load on the udder and a rigid vibration effect on the teat sphincter at nominal vacuum in the process of machine milking cows. Despite the many known solutions to improve the milking machine, the task of creating a design that combines high productivity and stimulation of the reflex remains relevant. Designs of milking machines are now being improved mainly in two directions, namely - the development of milking machines that allow you to adjust the operating parameters depending on the level of milk yield and design improvements of milking machines that stimulate the milk reflex without causing the animal negative effects. Theoretical studies of the working process of machine milking allowed to systematize the method of engineering calculation of the milking machine with controlled mode of vacuum pressure on the teats of the cow and to determine the optimal design parameters of the executive mechanisms. The obtained analytical expressions characterize the influence of their parameters and mode of operation on the dynamics of milk production during machine milking of cows.

DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY OF HOLSTEIN COWS OF DIFFERENT BREEDINGS UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF COMMERCIAL DAIRY FARMS

This work aims to identify the level of productivity of Holstein cows of different breedings. The experimental studies were performed using purebred Holstein animals imported from Germany, Hungary, and Finland. When studying the exterior-constitutional features of livestock raised on the farm, it was found that Holstein cows as a whole were characterized by a relatively strong constitution, a proportionally developed and slightly elongated body with average live weight, deep chests with well-defined milk veins, glandular and properly attached bath-like and cup-shaped udder, with an average intensity of milk yield (2.12-2.4 kg/min). According to the expressiveness of dairy forms, the best indicators were for animals of Hungarian breeding with the linear affiliation of Reflection Sovering, and in cows of German and Finnish breedings - Montwik Chieftain. A study of the dairy productivity of cows showed that the greatest milk yield over 305 days for three lactations, depending on the linear affiliation, was for Hungarian cows: during the 1st lactation - 6465.9- 6951.2 kg, the 2nd lactation - 7463.5-7706.2 kg, according to the 3rd lactation - 8254.2-8297.7 kg of milk. A comparative evaluation of the dairy production of cows showed that the highest dairy productivity was noted in cows of the Reflection Sovering line. Thus, the average milk yield in cows of this line in the first three lactations was higher than in analogs of the Finnish breeding by 885 kg (13.02%) and German one - by 892 kg or 13.1% (P<0.05), Vis Beck Ideal by 444.5 kg (6.2%) and 807 kg or 12.0% (P<0.01) respectively. The animals of the Montwik Chieftain line of the Hungarian breeding exceeded in the milk yield of the German cows by 176.5 kg (2.4%) and the Finnish cows by 238.2 kg or 3.3%. Indicators of the coefficient of variation in milk yield show that the herd of Holstein cows in the first and third lactations is very heterogeneous. According to the second lactation, the representatives of the Vis Beck Ideal line of the German selection and the Montwik. It was established that in the coefficient of consistency of lactation, cows of German breeding exceeded the analogs of the Finnish and Hungarian breedings by 4.7 and 6.7%, respectively. Herewith, in the Hungarian cows, the lactation full value indicator was higher by 18.3% and 1%, which indicates higher stability of milk yield of cows of this group for the entire lactation. In such a way, our analysis of the morphofunctional properties of the udder showed that the investigated groups of animals correspond to the technological requirements for industrial keeping technology and organizing machine milking.