Patenting of Human Genes and Living Organisms — The Legal Situation in Europe

1994 ◽  
pp. 12-29
Author(s):  
J. Straus
Keyword(s):  
Legal Situation ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Living Organisms

Patenting of Human Genes and Living Organisms

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Vogel ◽  
Reinhard Grunwald
Keyword(s):  
Human Genes ◽  
Living Organisms

Patenting of Genes, Plants, and Animals

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip W. Grubb ◽  
Peter R. Thomsen ◽  
Tom Hoxie ◽  
Gordon Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genetic Modification ◽  
Human Gene ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
The Public ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Patent Laws ◽  
Living Organisms

This chapter considers the law governing the patentability of human genes, plants, and animals. Here one can no longer stay at the objective level of scientific findings and patent laws, but must consider the broader issues of ethics, social policy, and politics. Many persons, for different reasons, are opposed to the granting of patents for living organisms; the same persons believe that someone who patents a human gene somehow acquires control of human life, or even of an individual from whose tissue the gene was isolated. Where the invention can be useful in the diagnosis or treatment of disease, the majority of the public may accept the need for such patents, but opposition to genetic modification of food crops and to patents on the resulting transgenic plants is more widespread.

Redox Reactions in Lipid Membranes as a Model for Primordial Energy-Conserving Systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 437-442
Author(s):  
Salvatore Di Bernardo ◽  
Romana Fato ◽  
Giorgio Lenaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Asymmetrical Distribution ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractOne of the peculiar aspects of living systems is the production and conservation of energy. This aspect is provided by specialized organelles, such as the mitochondria and chloroplasts, in developed living organisms. In primordial systems lacking specialized enzymatic complexes the energy supply was probably bound to the generation and maintenance of an asymmetric distribution of charged molecules in compartmentalized systems. On the basis of experimental evidence, we suggest that lipophilic quinones were involved in the generation of this asymmetrical distribution of charges through vectorial redox reactions across lipid membranes.

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