Analysis of International Patent Applications for Inventions Like Traditional Herbal Medicines

Numerous applications have been filed for patents based on bio-inventions in the Indian patent office. Although there is not any international patent, there is a system of international patent applications whereby the applicant may designate name of countries where they wish to file application for patents nationally. According to international patent classification, the concern class for such a patent applications is A61K36/00. More particularly, the international class (IC) A61K36/00 relates to medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof (e.g., traditional herbal medicines). International applications filings under patent cooperation treaty (PCT) for patent purposes can be accessed at the Patentscope (patent search tool of WIPO). All international patent applications for such TK-based inventions have been accessed online at Patentscope using the classification code A61K36 for this study.

Dekonstrukcja wolnego zawodu w systemie totalitarnym na przykładzie regulacji prawnej wykonywania zawodu rzecznika patentowego w Polsce w okresie stalinowskim

In Poland before the Second World War, the profession of patent attorney was categorised as one of the so-called liberal professions. Its legal status and rules of practice were compared to the solicitor profession. A patent attorney practiced his profession personally, independently, and autonomously. In order to exercise his profession, he ran an independent patent attorney’s office. In the second half of the 1940s, with the communists taking power in Poland, a radical transformation of the social, political, economic, and legal system of the state along the lines of Stalin’s Soviet Union began. Any social, political, or economic activities characterised by independence and autonomy were thus in axiological contradiction with the ideology of the planned totalitarian state. The Act on the Establishment of the College of Patent Attorneys passed on 20 December 1949 completely abolished the structure of the patent attorney profession as a free profession, exercised in its own name and on its own account. From that moment on, the patent attorney became a civil servant performing their professional activities under strict hierarchical subordination to his superiors. There was no guarantee of their intellectual independence or professional autonomy. The practice of the patent attorney profession was subject to public law. The Patent Attorneys College was in fact another state office. It was organisationally and financially linked to the Patent Office — an administrative body granting legal protection to objects of industrial and commercial property, collecting and making available patent documentation and literature. The president of the Patent Office supervised the Patent Attorneys College. Both the Patent Attorneys College and the Patent Office were supervised by the State Economic Planning Commission. The State Commission for Economic Planning was a kind of super-ministry, tasked with a Soviet-style mission of closely supervising and controlling the entire centralised economy of the Polish state. The chairman of the State Economic Planning Commission also had key powers to influence patent attorneys. It was he who determined the subject of their professional examination, he who appointed a person meeting the statutory requirements to the position of a patent attorney. He could also exempt a candidate for the profession from meeting the requirements as well as appoint the president of the Patent Attorneys College. The Act of 20 December 1949 was repealed with the end of the Stalinist period in Poland. In 1958, the profession of patent attorney was briefly reinstated as a free profession. After that, until the end of the existence of the socialist state called the Polish People’s Republic, patent attorneys performed their profession as employees within the meaning of the labour law. It was not until the fall of communism in Poland that the profession of a patent attorney was re-established as a liberal profession under the provisions of the Act on Patent Attorneys of 9 January 1993.

Comparative Analysis of Appeal Procedures in the European, American and Brazilian Patent Offices

The right to appeal exists as a response to the two main characteristics of every human being. The first refers to the attitude of not settling for adverse decisions, which leads people to seek instruments to remediate these decisions, while the second is the possibility that every human being has to make mistakes and the need to correct these mistakes in decision-making acts that may have been mistaken. Therefore, an appeal is an instrument that enables review of a decision by a higher authority to obtain its modification or revocation. In the patent system, appeals are used basically to reverse decisions of patent examiners during the examination procedure as, for example, the decision to reject a patent. Although all patent offices have procedures for appeal against first-instance decisions taken by these offices, there are significant differences as to how this procedure is conducted in each office. This chapter will study the laws and regulations, rules and procedures on appeals in two of the main patent offices in the world – the European Patent Office – EPO and the United States Patent and Trademark Office – USPTO, and in the Brazilian Patent Office – INPI, pointing out the main differences between them.

Technologic Prospection of Bioactive Compounds in Umbu Pulp (Spondias Tuberosa Arruda)

The Spondias tuberosa arruda is a fairly integrated type and known in the Brazilian semiarid, being present in the food of the population that lives there. About 18 fruits are in the genus Spondias, and it is known that some of them, like umbu, have antioxidant potential and applicability in several areas. In order to evaluate this potential, it is important a detailed study of all possible applications. This study analyzed the survey results for the bioactive compounds (phenolic compounds and antioxidants) present in umbu pulp (Spondias tuberosa arruda) through patent applications. To perform the patent search was used the bases of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the database of the brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) and the European Patent Office (Espacenet). This prospect has contributed to the knowledge of researches already developed, especially in order to identify the work in the area of use, characterization, possible applications and potential umbu, focusing on the identification of bioactive compounds and how promising and necessary is a research in that area.

Prospecção tecnológica do uso de surfactantes como aditivo no biodiesel

O biodiesel tem se mostrado altamente promissor na substituição parcial ou total do óleo diesel derivado do petróleo, sendo a reação de transesterificação pela via metílica a mais utilizada. No entanto, a diferença de polaridade dos reagentes causa dificuldades na homogeneização do sistema reacional, o que pode levar a perdas de rendimento. Esse problema pode ser minimizado com o uso de surfactantes. O presente trabalho possui como objetivo prospectar tecnologias voltadas para a utilização de surfactantes como aditivos em biodiesel, a partir da busca na base de dados do depósito de patentes do European Patent Office (EPO) e do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). A pesquisa foi realizada em julho de 2021, sendo encontradas e analisadas as patentes depositadas no período de 2000 a 2020, considerando um estudo documental. Foi possível observar que o banco de dados da EPO possui mais patentes relacionadas com o tema do que o do INPI. Além disso, a maioria dos documentos encontrados na base de dados da EPO possuem o código de classificação C10L1. A pesquisa na base de dados da EPO demonstrou que há um número significativo de patentes nessa área, distribuídas em 7 diferentes países, demonstrando ser uma área muito promissora para investimentos e desenvolvimento de tecnologias.

PROSPECTING PAPERS AND PATENTS OF GAS LIFT VALVES TECHNOLOGY

Between the phases of oil exploration and production, there is this oil transfer through natural or artificial elevation method. When this method is natural, the pressure in the reservoir is sufficiently high and the fluids in it can emerge to the surface, but when this pressure is insufficient, the fluids do not reach the surface without the use of artificial lifting methods. Among the struggles to be solved by engineering, there is the optimization of the geometry of the lift gas valves (VGL) and the sealing material. In this context, this article presents the prospecting of papers and patents related to the technological advances of VGL published in the last five years (2016 to 2020) and as a research contribution, there is the identification of solutions regarding the aforementioned optimization. The ScienceDirect, Scopus, CAPES Periodical Portal, and Web of Science databases were used, and the patent search in the database of the European Patent Office (EPO), Espacenet. The results showed that the number of papers published in this area is low, showing that there have been more publications on the subject in the last three years. In addition, China and the United States of America are the countries with the highest number of patents granted in the years surveyed, and the two North American inventors have the greatest number of inventions.

Novel Inventions

Chapter 4 examines the distinctive history of the U.S. Patent Office gallery, which combined national repository, bureaucratic office, and public museum. Its collections included the models submitted by inventors with their patent applications, which offered tangible examples of new legal standards for novelty and utility. Tourists marveled at the model machines on display, connecting them to ideals of national progress and ingenuity, and the gallery’s collections sparked wider discussions of the relationship between nation, invention, and spectacle. Ralph Waldo Emerson drew on an imagined collection of machines to contemplate the relationship between technological novelty and literary originality, while Walt Whitman’s description of the gallery as a temporary Civil War hospital examined the social and human implications of such a strange spectacle. These accounts highlight broader debates about the place of new ideas in a national museum and how such contributions would be defined.

Patenting Aspects of Natural Products

A patent is a monopoly right granted to a Patentee for a definite time period, during which he/she is given the exclusive right to stop anyone else from using his/ her invention without approval. The European law may allow patents to be granted to natural products, where such products may not be eligible for patent protection in USA, the European patent office strict assessment of priority and added subject matter, it is important that all subject matter is included in the first application for the invention.