Research and Development Management: From the Soviet Union to Russia

The article provides an overview of research and development of databases since their appearance in the 60s of the last century to the present time. The following stages are distinguished: the emergence formation and rapid development, the era of relational databases, extended relational databases, post-relational databases and big data. At the stage of formation, the systems IDS, IMS, Total and Adabas are described. At the stage of rapid development, issues of ANSI/X3/SPARC database architecture, CODASYL proposals, concepts and languages of conceptual modeling are highlighted. At the stage of the era of relational databases, the results of E. Codd's scientific activities, the theory of dependencies and normal forms, query languages, experimental research and development, optimization and standardization, and transaction management are revealed. The extended relational databases phase is devoted to describing temporal, spatial, deductive, active, object, distributed and statistical databases, array databases, and database machines and data warehouses. At the next stage, the problems of post-relational databases are disclosed, namely, NOSQL-, NewSQL- and ontological databases. The sixth stage is devoted to the disclosure of the causes of occurrence, characteristic properties, classification, principles of work, methods and technologies of big data. Finally, the last section provides a brief overview of database research and development in the Soviet Union.

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The Great Society and the Politics of Assured Destruction, 1963–1966

10.1093/oso/9780190459925.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

James Cameron

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Soviet Union ◽

Research And Development ◽

Vietnam War ◽

The United States ◽

Great Society ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

The Us ◽

Budgetary Control ◽

Antiballistic Missile

This chapter shows how Lyndon Baines Johnson and Robert McNamara attempted to reconcile the US emphasis on nuclear superiority with the administration’s new Great Society program and the consequent need to limit military spending. McNamara’s strategy of assured destruction tried to balance these imperatives by positing that the Soviet Union would not attempt to gain nuclear parity with the United States because it had forces sufficient to assure America’s destruction if it attacked the USSR. Assured destruction also left the United States’ antiballistic missile program in a state of perpetual research and development. This was partly due to its ineffectiveness, but also because the expense of deployment would endanger the administration’s budgetary priorities, particularly after the escalation of the Vietnam War. An unexpected Soviet nuclear buildup upset this balance between budgetary control and strategic coherence, necessitating an American diplomatic approach to the Soviet Union for talks on limiting strategic armaments.

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NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.20.3.569 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 569-570

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Soviet Union ◽

United Nations ◽

Research And Development ◽

Medical Research ◽

Non Profit ◽

The Soviet Union ◽

International Standing ◽

English Speaking ◽

The United Nations

Pergamon Institute, 4-5 Fitzroy Square, London, W.1, a non-profit-making foundation, has recently been formed in New York, and is in course of formation in London, for the purpose of making available to English-speaking scientists, doctors and engineers from all countries that are Members of the United Nations, the results of scientific, technological and medical research and development in the Soviet Union and other countries in the Soviet orbit. Over a hundred scientists of international standing from many countries have given their support and will supervise the affairs of the Institute.

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