Complex Technology, Complex Calculations: Uses and Abuses of Precautionary Reasoning in Law

Author(s):  
Deryck Beyleveld ◽  
Roger Brownsword
Keyword(s):  
2011 ◽  
Vol 335-336 ◽  
pp. 96-100
Author(s):  
Cun Zhou ◽  
Jian Li Cheng ◽  
Yu Sun

Abstract: An epoxy based nano-SiO2/TiO2/polyimide hybrid enhanced sizing for carbon fiber was prepared by modified SiO2/TiO2precursor in PAA collosol with silane couple agent(WD-50) and eligibility surfactant via sol-gel reaction, and both ultrasonic cavitation and multi-complex technology were used during the process. The properties of PAA-SiO2-TiO2hybrid sizing and micro-morphology of carbon fiber surface were analyzed by FTIR, DSC, Particle Size Analyzer and STM. The results indicated that nanoscale SiO2•TiO2particles dispersed in the hybrid sizing film homogeneously, and a layer with nano particles was formed on carbon fiber surface after treated by the hybrid enhanceing sizing. The roughness was increased and interface properties of carbon fiber would be improved. At the same time both tensile strength and the interlaminar shear strength were increased obviously.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
L.M. Delitsyn ◽  
Yu.V. Ryabov ◽  
R.V. Kulumbegov ◽  
M.G. Sulman ◽  
Yu.Yu. Kosivtsov ◽  
...  

The development of a comprehensive technology for the processing of ash waste (ASW), which is based on the extraction of carbon from the CSO by flotation method and iron-containing minerals by means of magnetic separation, is presented. The proposed approach is based on the extraction of carbon from ash and slag by flotation and iron-containing minerals by magnetic separation. In this work, the optimal size of the ash fraction supplied for flotation was established. It is shown that when the technological process is carried out according to the stadium scheme when flotation reagents are fed in fractions, it allows their consumption to be reduced and the recovery of carbon concentrate from underburning to be significantly increased. The developed technology was tested on a pilot plant. High-quality carbon, iron-containing and aluminosilicate products were obtained. Auxiliary enrichment processes such as classification, thickening and filtration were tested.


2021 ◽  
Vol 882 ◽  
pp. 289-295
Author(s):  
Andrey Leonidovich Galinovskiy ◽  
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Barzov ◽  
Mary Alekseevna Prokhorova

Technologically, ultrajet mesodiagnostics (UJM) consists of local hydroerosive indentation by ultrajets (UJ) of water on the surface of the analyzed object (OA) and the subsequent study of the results of this minimally invasive microdestructive effect on its surface layer. Obviously, mathematical models’ construction of the functional relationship between the informative-physical signs of hydroerosive UJ destruction and the surface layer’s state parameters of various OA, primarily their defectiveness, is very important for the development of this potentially promising technology for ensuring the quality of critical products, mainly aviation and other industries. In this regard, the work proposes a probabilistic UJM model, which consists of analyzing the kinetics of the formation of an aggregate set of eroded particles, as a process caused by a combination of appropriate necessary and sufficient conditions for its implementation. The former include the topographic features of the microdefectiveness’ characteristics of the surface layer material, and the latter consist of a certain variational-force hydrodynamic effect of the diagnostic UJ on it. This approach made it possible to obtain calculated data related to probabilistic distribution of the UJ-eroded particles’ sizes of hypothetical OA, as a coordinate function describing the microdefects’ concentration in its surface layer. These functions are close to the available results of experimental UJM of typical and promising materials used in the manufacture of machinery technology.


Author(s):  
М. А. Куразов ◽  
З. Х. Газабиева ◽  
Р. Х. Моллаев ◽  
А. Ш. Халадов

Гидравлический разрыв пласта (ГРП) представляет собой комплексную технологию обработок скважин. При этом его следует рассматривать не только как средство воздействия на призабойную зону пласта (ПЗП), но и как один из существенных элементов системы разработки месторождения в целом. Технологические схемы ГРП, в том числе с последующим химическим воздействием, различаются в зависимости от коллекторских свойств обрабатываемых объектов. Их эффективность определяется условиями, связанными с фильтрационными характеристиками пластов, то есть коэффициентами проницаемости близлежащих и удаленных зон объекта. При этом подход к проектированию обработок ГРП будет различным в низко- и высокопроницаемых пластах, и в этой связи грамотный выбор скважин имеет существенное значение. Для исключения смыкания трещин после ГРП и снятия давления в призабойной зоне пласта (ПЗП) в скважины закачиваются различные расклинивающие агенты. Расклинивающие агенты (проппанты) должны противостоять напряжениям горной породы, удерживая трещину раскрытой после снятия гидравлического давления жидкости разрыва и обеспечивая, таким образом, высокую фильтрационную способность призабойной зоны пласта и дебиты нефти скважин. Обработки скважин проводятся с использованием стандартного нефтепромыслового оборудования и насосной техники. Промысловый опыт ГРП в условиях Верхне-Салымского месторождения (Западная Сибирь) показал его достаточно высокую эффективность. Hydraulic fracturing is a complex technology of well treatment. At the same time it should be considered not only as a means of impact on the bottom-hole zone of the formation, but also as one of the essential elements of the field development system as a whole. Technological schemes of MPG, including with subsequent chemical impact, differ depending on collector properties of processed objects. Their effectiveness is determined by conditions related to filtration characteristics of formations, i. e. permeability coefficients of nearby and remote zones of the object. At the same time, the approach to the design of GRP treatments will be different in low and highly permeable formations and in this regard, competent selection of wells is essential. Various proppantsare pumped into wells to prevent closing of cracks after MPG and to relieve pressure in bottom-hole zone of formation. Proppants (proppants) must withstand rock stresses by holding the fracture open after the hydraulic pressure of the fracturing fluid has been removed, and thus ensuring high filtration capacity of the bottom-hole formation zone and well oil flow rate. Well treatments are carried out using standard oil field equipment and pumping equipment. The field experience of GRP in the conditions of Verkhne-Salymsky field (Western Siberia) showed its rather high efficiency.


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