Visual pigment mixtures and scotopic spectral sensitivity in rainbow trout

1983 ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
Frederick W. Munz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment

Visual pigment mixtures and scotopic spectral sensitivity in rainbow trout

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
Frederick W. Munz
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment

Light-Evoked Electrical Potentials from the Eye and Optic Nerve of Strombus: Response Waveform and Spectral Sensitivity

1974 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-396
Author(s):  
HOWARD L. GILLARY
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Synaptic Inhibition ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Electrical Potentials ◽  
Peak Absorption ◽  
Negative Erg ◽  
Sensitivity Studies

1. The cornea-negative ERG of the eye of Strombus exhibited two distinct ‘on’ peaks, a steady state during sustained illumination, and small rhythmic oscillations following the cessation of stimulation. 2. In certain afferent optic nerve fibres, illumination evoked phasic and tonic ‘on’ responses; others, whose activity was inhibited by light, responded with repetitive ‘off’ bursts which tended to occur in phase with the rhythmic ERG oscillations. 3. Spectral sensitivity studies indicate the presence of a single visual pigment with a peak absorption of about 485 nm. 4. The effects on the response of temperature and stimulus intensity and frequency were also examined. 5. The results indicate photo-excitation and synaptic inhibition of the receptors, and excitatory coupling between them.

Visual pigment changes in rainbow trout in response to temperature

Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 195 (4284) ◽  
pp. 1358-1360 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tsin ◽  
D. Beatty
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Response To Temperature

scholarly journals Single and Multiple Visual Systems in Arthropods

1968 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Wald
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Light Adaptation ◽  
Procambarus Clarkii ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Green Crab ◽  
Spider Crab ◽  
Color Adaptation ◽  
Visual Systems

Extraction of two visual pigments from crayfish eyes prompted an electrophysiological examination of the role of visual pigments in the compound eyes of six arthropods. The intact animals were used; in crayfishes isolated eyestalks also. Thresholds were measured in terms of the absolute or relative numbers of photons per flash at various wavelengths needed to evoke a constant amplitude of electroretinogram, usually 50 µv. Two species of crayfish, as well as the green crab, possess blue- and red-sensitive receptors apparently arranged for color discrimination. In the northern crayfish, Orconectes virilis, the spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 550 mµ, and on adaptation to bright red or blue lights breaks into two functions with λmax respectively at about 435 and 565 mµ, apparently emanating from different receptors. The swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, displays a maximum sensitivity when dark-adapted at about 570 mµ, that breaks on color adaptation into blue- and red-sensitive functions with λmax about 450 and 575 mµ, again involving different receptors. Similarly the green crab, Carcinides maenas, presents a dark-adapted sensitivity maximal at about 510 mµ that divides on color adaptation into sensitivity curves maximal near 425 and 565 mµ. Each of these organisms thus possesses an apparatus adequate for at least two-color vision, resembling that of human green-blinds (deuteranopes). The visual pigments of the red-sensitive systems have been extracted from the crayfish eyes. The horse-shoe crab, Limulus, and the lobster each possesses a single visual system, with λmax respectively at 520 and 525 mµ. Each of these is invariant with color adaptation. In each case the visual pigment had already been identified in extracts. The spider crab, Libinia emarginata, presents another variation. It possesses two visual systems apparently differentiated, not for color discrimination but for use in dim and bright light, like vertebrate rods and cones. The spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted eye is maximal at about 490 mµ and on light adaptation, whether to blue, red, or white light, is displaced toward shorter wavelengths in what is essentially a reverse Purkinje shift. In all these animals dark adaptation appears to involve two phases: a rapid, hyperbolic fall of log threshold associated probably with visual pigment regeneration, followed by a slow, almost linear fall of log threshold that may be associated with pigment migration.

Changes in the visual pigments of trout

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 901-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald M. Allen ◽  
William N. McFarland ◽  
Frederick W. Munz ◽  
Hugh A. Poston
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Forest Canopy ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Visual Pigments ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Canopy Access

The proportions of two visual pigments (rhodopsin and porphyropsin) were examined in four species of trout under experimental and natural conditions. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have different relative proportions of visual pigments in their retinae. The visual pigment balance in wild cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) is related to forest canopy (access to light) and season. The brown trout have a more red-sensitive and less labile pair of visual pigments than brook or rainbow trout, which respond to photic conditions by increasing the proportion of porphyropsin (in light) and increasing rhodopsin (in darkness). The brown trout have a high percentage of porphyropsin, regardless of experimental conditions. This result does not reflect an inability to form rhodopsin but rather may relate to a consistently high proportion of 3-dehydroretinol in the pigment epithelium. The possible advantages and mechanisms of environmental control of trout visual pigment absorbance, as currently understood, are discussed.

The visual sensitivity of the retina of the conger eel

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1175) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Spectrum ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Density Spectrum ◽  
Conger Eel ◽  
Visual Spectral Sensitivity

We measured the visual sensitivity of the conger eel retina by means of its electroretinogram (e.r.g.) and whole nerve responses. The spectral sensitivity of the retina closely corresponded to a prediction based on the density spectrum of the conger visual pigment, measured in situ . The pigment density in the conger eel retina is high, perhaps as high as 1.0. Thus, the predicted spectral sensitivity would be much broader than is observed if the absorption spectrum of the pigment governed the visual sensitivity. The reason why the visual spectral sensitivity corresponds to the density spectrum and not to the absorption spectrum is that the photoreceptors in the conger eye are arranged in tiers and only the inner tier contributes to vision.

scholarly journals The spectral sensitivity of Drosophila photoreceptors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla R. Sharkey ◽  
Jorge Blanco ◽  
Maya M. Leibowitz ◽  
Daniel Pinto-Benito ◽  
Trevor J. Wardill
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Visual Pigment ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Cross Modulation ◽  
Screening Pigment ◽  
Peak Sensitivity

AbstractDrosophila melanogaster has long been a popular model insect species, due in large part to the availability of genetic tools and is fast becoming the model for insect colour vision. Key to understanding colour reception in Drosophila is in-depth knowledge of spectral inputs and downstream neural processing. While recent studies have sparked renewed interest in colour processing in Drosophila, photoreceptor spectral sensitivity measurements have yet to be carried out in vivo. We have fully characterised the spectral input to the motion and colour vision pathways, and directly measured the effects of spectral modulating factors, screening pigment density and carotenoid-based ocular pigments. All receptor sensitivities had significant shifts in spectral sensitivity compared to previous measurements. Notably, the spectral range of the Rh6 visual pigment is substantially broadened and its peak sensitivity is shifted by 92 nm from 508 to 600 nm. We propose that this deviation can be explained by transmission of long wavelengths through the red screening pigment and by the presence of the blue-absorbing filter in the R7y receptors. Further, we tested direct interactions between photoreceptors and found evidence of interactions between inner and outer receptors, in agreement with previous findings of cross-modulation between receptor outputs in the lamina.

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