Light Pollution as a Policy Tool

2003 ◽  
pp. 293-295
Author(s):  
Michael Petrakis ◽  
M. Lianou ◽  
B. Psiloglou ◽  
C. Chalkias ◽  
C. Cartalis
Keyword(s):  
Light Pollution ◽  
Policy Tool

The child’s curriculum as a gift: Opening up the early-level curriculum in Scotland

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline-Wendy Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Educational Policy ◽  
Curriculum Reform ◽  
First Century ◽  
Best Interests ◽  
Roles And Responsibilities ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Before School ◽  
Opening Up

Many countries worldwide benefit from a long tradition of early childhood education, some serving the years from birth to seven or eight years old. Determined to provide out-of-home experiences for children before school start, this costly exercise has led to review of location, staffing, pedagogical approaches, and curriculum, while advocating ‘the best interests of the child’. Curriculum reform has often been used as an educational policy tool. There have been shifts in the roles and responsibilities of early educators and consequently in early childhood practices nationally and internationally. The long Scottish early childhood tradition provides a context in which to consider how an understanding of the child’s curriculum may be a gift to ensure an enlightened early childhood educational policy and curriculum interpretation at the beginning of the twenty-first century. By looking back, we can begin to look forward.

China, International Society, and Global Health Governance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Youde
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Global Health ◽  
International Society ◽  
Global Health Governance ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
Ambivalent Relationship

China possesses the world’s largest economy, but that economic clout has not necessarily translated into taking leading roles within existing global health governance institutions and processes. It is a country that both contributes to and receives financial assistance from global health institutions. It has incorporated health into some of its foreign policy activities, but it has largely avoided proactively engaging with the values and norms embodied within the global health governance system. This ambivalent relationship reflects larger questions about how and whether China fits within international society and what its engagement or lack thereof might portend for international society’s future. This chapter examines China’s place within global health governance by examining its interactions with international society on global health issues, its use of health as a foreign policy tool, and its relationships with global health governance organizations.

scholarly journals Assessing Light Pollution Using POI and Luojia1-01 Night-Time Imagery From a Quantitative Perspective at City Scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 7544-7556
Author(s):  
Fei Zhao ◽  
Chen Chu ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
Zhiyan Peng ◽  
Qingyun Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Pollution ◽  
Night Time

scholarly journals Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Light Emissions: Ground and Satellite Comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Máximo Bustamante-Calabria ◽  
Alejandro Sánchez de Miguel ◽  
Susana Martín-Ruiz ◽  
Jose-Luis Ortiz ◽  
José M. Vílchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Nocturnal Activity ◽  
Empirical Expression ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sky Brightness ◽  
The City

‘Lockdown’ periods in response to COVID-19 have provided a unique opportunity to study the impacts of economic activity on environmental pollution (e.g., NO2, aerosols, noise, light). The effects on NO2 and aerosols have been very noticeable and readily demonstrated, but that on light pollution has proven challenging to determine. The main reason for this difficulty is that the primary source of nighttime satellite imagery of the earth is the SNPP-VIIRS/DNB instrument, which acquires data late at night after most human nocturnal activity has already occurred and much associated lighting has been turned off. Here, to analyze the effect of lockdown on urban light emissions, we use ground and satellite data for Granada, Spain, during the COVID-19 induced confinement of the city’s population from 14 March until 31 May 2020. We find a clear decrease in light pollution due both to a decrease in light emissions from the city and to a decrease in anthropogenic aerosol content in the atmosphere which resulted in less light being scattered. A clear correlation between the abundance of PM10 particles and sky brightness is observed, such that the more polluted the atmosphere the brighter the urban night sky. An empirical expression is determined that relates PM10 particle abundance and sky brightness at three different wavelength bands.

Estimating the loss and fragmentation of dark environments in mammal ranges from light pollution

2021 ◽  
Vol 257 ◽  
pp. 109135
Author(s):  
Mark A. Ditmer ◽  
David C. Stoner ◽  
Neil H. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Light Pollution

scholarly journals Understanding Social Insurance: Risk and Value Pluralism in the Early British Welfare State

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292199467
Author(s):  
Rachel Z. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Mathematical Probability ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Modern Welfare State ◽  
Normative Reconstruction

This article seeks to make two contributions to the understanding of social insurance, a central policy tool of the modern welfare state. Focusing on Britain, it locates an important strand of theoretical support for early social insurance programs in antecedent developments in mathematical probability and statistics. While by no means the only source of support for social insurance, it argues that these philosophical developments were among the preconditions for the emergence of welfare policies. In addition, understanding the influence of these developments on British public discourse and policy sheds light on the normative principles that have undergirded the welfare state since its inception. Specifically, it suggests that the best model, or normative reconstruction, of social insurance in this context is a value-pluralist one, which pursues efficiency and equality or solidarity, grounded in group-based perceptions of risk.

scholarly journals Nudging to donate organs: do what you like or like what we do?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Beraldo ◽  
Jurgis Karpus
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Policy Tool ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Cadaveric Organ ◽  
Choice Policy

AbstractAn effective method to increase the number of potential cadaveric organ donors is to make people donors by default with the option to opt out. This non-coercive public policy tool to influence people’s choices is often justified on the basis of the as-judged-by-themselves principle: people are nudged into choosing what they themselves truly want. We review three often hypothesized reasons for why defaults work and argue that the as-judged-by-themselves principle may hold only in two of these cases. We specify further conditions for when the principle can hold in these cases and show that whether those conditions are met is often unclear. We recommend ways to expand nationwide surveys to identify the actual reasons for why defaults work and discuss mandated choice policy as a viable solution to many arising conundrums.

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