The Belt and Road Initiative and Mid- and Long-Term Economic Development in China

Belt And Road ◽

Ancient Silk Road ◽

Main Engine ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative is an initiative to revive the ancient Silk Road, through networks of land and sea roads, oil and gas pipelines, electric power lines, the Internet and airports, to create a model of regional and international cooperation. It is essentially a long-term development strategy, launched by the Chinese president in 2013 to become the main engine of Chinese domestic policy and foreign diplomacy and within the framework of the soft power strategy, to enhance its position and influence in the world as a peaceful and responsible country. The study includes identifying the initiative and setting goals for China, as well as the challenges and difficulties that hinder the initiative.

The Role of the Broad-Gauge Metallurgy Line PKP Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa Sp. z o.o. and the Belt and Road Initiative: Transportation in the Development of the Lublin Province

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio H Oeconomia ◽

10.17951/h.2020.54.2.7-19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Mirosław Antonowicz ◽

Zbigniew Tracichleb

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Silk Road ◽

Border Crossings ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

The Silk Road

<p>The article presents the railway entity PKP LHS Sp. z o.o. and its role in the development of the New Silk Road. In consequence, the increase in traffic on the Silk Road with the participation of Polish companies translates into the economic development of the Lublin Province and the development of border crossings in that province. The importance of transport corridors and the participation of PKP LHS in the development of those corridors have been highlighted. Investment assumptions have been presented, the effects of which will be visible in a few years, strengthening the potential and economic capabilities of the province.</p>

Chińska inicjatywa pasa i szlaku a ryzyko zadłużenia jej beneficjentów

De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności ◽

10.34739/dsd.2019.02.09 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paula Tomaszewska

Keyword(s):

International System ◽

Research Problem ◽

Global Supply Chains ◽

Scientific Goal ◽

The World ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Infrastructure Investments ◽

Chinese Belt and Road initiative (BRI) is not only an economic or political project, but also has the potential to transform the international system. The initiative‘s impact is large – from stimulating the financing of infrastructure investments in various countries around the world to the development of new global supply chains. The scientific goal of the article is to analyze the consequences of implementing the initiative. The research problem is included in the following question: does the Belt and Road Initiative contribute to increasing Chinese influence in the world and carries the risk of driving poorer countries into the ―debt trap‖? The conclusion from the article is that China should create an improved version of the BRI initiative based on a better risk assessment of the current projects. Infrastructure investments, if not carefully implemented and controlled, may lead to consequences, such as increasing the debt of some countries in the long term.

DOES THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE RESHAPE CHINA’S OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASEAN? SHIFTING MOTIVES OF STATE-OWNED AND PRIVATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES

The Singapore Economic Review ◽

10.1142/s0217590819500772 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-23

Author(s):

SHI JIN ◽

HU XIAOHUI ◽

LI YUNXIONG ◽

FENG TAO

Keyword(s):

Natural Resources ◽

Direct Investment ◽

Conditional Logit ◽

Before And After ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Asean Countries ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

Socio Economic Factors

In recent years, China has been increasingly witnessed as a major global outward investor, especially since the launch of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013. The question of whether and if yes how the BRI reshapes firm outward investment motives remains under-researched. Using a project-level database of China’s Outward Direct Investment from the Ministry of Commerce from 2010 to 2015, this paper investigates the changing investment motives of state-owned and private-owned enterprises (SOEs and POEs) before and after the implementation of the BRI in two periods, namely 2010–2013 and 2014–2015. Our conditional logit models show that (1) market-seeking is one of the key motives for both POEs and SOEs; (2) POEs pursued natural resources in ASEAN based on geographical and relational proximity in the pre-BRI period while SOEs are directed to exploit natural resources in ASEAN besides remoter destinations after the launch of the BRI; (3) POEs are risk-taking in both periods, which runs counter to conventional expectations. This can be explained by the long-term investment tradition of POEs in ASEAN in which POEs are attracted predominantly by socio-economic factors and often less sensitive to variegated host institutions among ASEAN countries and (4) the BRI promotes Chinese OFDI in ASEAN through increased senior leader visits and enhanced diplomatic relations.

Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190900533.013.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 155-167

Author(s):

Jin Chen ◽

Liying Wang

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

World Economy ◽

Road Construction ◽

External Demand ◽

International Environment ◽

The World ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Belt And Road ◽

Opening Up

The long-term gradual recovery of the world economy has provided a good international environment for entrepreneurship and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the continuous deepening of reforms and policies such as “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and “Internet Plus,” unprecedented policy dividends have benefited SMEs’ entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, the new round of opening up, led by “The Belt and Road” construction, will stimulate more external demand, which will provide good opportunities for the development of SMEs. With the current weak foundation for the recovery of the world economy, there are still many uncertainties. The problem of insufficient and imbalanced domestic economic development is still outstanding, and economic development still faces many difficulties and challenges. Overall, the international and domestic environment faced by China’s SMEs is improving.

Economic Development and the Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Global Economy ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-28030-7_3 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 47-81

Author(s):

John Joshua

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Prospect of Belt and Road Initiative in the Context of Bangladesh

China Report ◽

10.1177/0009445520930396 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (4) ◽

pp. 464-483

Author(s):

Rubiat Saimum

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Approach ◽

Primary Sources ◽

The Political ◽

Collaborative Effort ◽

Economic Issues ◽

Economic Basis ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The purpose of this article is to examine the prospect of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) from the perspective of Bangladesh. The article investigates fundamental aspects of China’s economic involvement in Bangladesh to understand the geo-economic basis of the initiative. In this respect, the objective and motivation behind Chinese involvement in Bangladesh’s economy are studied, and the political and economic challenges emanating from the participation of the latter country in the initiative are outlined. Methodologically, this research adopts a qualitative approach and relies on primary sources to collect data. It concludes with an observation that Chinese investments through BRI could, in the long term, be advantageous for Bangladesh’s economy as long as the regional and economic issues associated with the initiative are appropriately dealt with. Besides, it suggests that the success of the initiative in South Asia, as well as in Bangladesh, requires a collaborative effort from all the states of the region on functional issue areas such as trade and connectivity.

China’s Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: a new development opportunity for Hong Kong

Public Administration and Policy ◽

10.1108/pap-04-2019-0007 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 8-14

Author(s):

Siu-kai Lau

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

National Development ◽

Content Type ◽

Bay Area ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Purpose The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) Strategy is an important component of the “Belt and Road Initiative” of China. The purpose of this Project is to develop the GBA into the most open, market-oriented and innovative pole of economic growth in China. The GBA Project provides Hong Kong with a rare opportunity to diversify its industrial structure and to move into a new and higher stage of economic development. Design/methodology/approach Being an integral part of the GBA, Hong Kong is expected and supported by the Central Government to develop into a hub of the Area, and, leveraging on Hong Kong’s status as an international metropolis, to connect the Area as a whole with the world. Findings China’s Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Project is a major national development strategy and is a major part of the Belt and Road Initiative. Hong Kong is going to play an important role in the Project and will benefit from it enormously in the future in terms of economic growth and the upgrading of its industrial structure. However, in order to take full advantage of participation in the Project, the way Hong Kong is governed, particularly the government's role in economic development, has to be modified significantly. Originality/value In order to take advantage of the Project, the Hong Kong SAR Government has to play a bigger and more proactive role in Hong Kong’s socioeconomic development and to strengthen its capacity to mobilize societal participation in the Project.

Geographies of infrastructure III: Infrastructure with Chinese characteristics

Progress in Human Geography ◽

10.1177/03091325211033652 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 030913252110336

Author(s):

Kathryn Furlong

Keyword(s):

Urban Growth ◽

Critical Infrastructure ◽

Progress Report ◽

Chinese Characteristics ◽

Belt And Road ◽

State Projects ◽

Infrastructure Studies ◽

For 25 years, China has staked its development on domestic and global infrastructure expansion. This third progress report on geographies of infrastructure explores what China’s far-reaching infrastructure venture means for critical infrastructure studies. Reviewing China’s infrastructure-driven urban growth, the Belt and Road Initiative and their links, three recommendations are advanced: (1) a reengagement with the state that takes its geographical and temporal diversity seriously, (2) an approach to infrastructure as part of a complex network of state projects with long-term ends, and (3) a concern with infrastructures of repression and confinement in wider processes of making things ‘flow’.

Analysis of Economy and Trade among China, India, and Russia under the Belt and Road Initiative

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v12n12p1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Jui-Lung Chen ◽

Hsiung-Shen Jung

Keyword(s):

Eurasian Economic Union ◽

The Us ◽

Belt And Road ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Trade War ◽

Asean Countries ◽

Cooperative Relationship ◽

The Belt and Road Initiative advocated by China is expecting to assist in the infrastructure and financing of participating countries and promote free trade through cooperation with countries along the Belt and Road. China hopes to lead the regional economic integration process through investment-driven trade. Out of geopolitical considerations, Russia and India initially held a relatively negative or cautious attitude towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Therefore, Russia proposed the concept of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) in 2011 in order to unite the other independent ASEAN countries based on the customs alliance consisting of Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, and thus create a supranational consortium, which in turn have the ability to compete and cooperate with the Belt and Road Initiative proposed by China. In 2014, India launched the Indian version of the Belt and Road Initiative, named Project Mausam, expecting to promote the integration of economic and trade exchanges around the Indian Ocean with India as the center. However, after recent strikes by the trade war, China actively seeks assistance from India and Russia in order to break through the US trade blockade. During the G20 summit held in Japan in June 2019, China, India, and Russia held a three-party talk. After the talk, the three countries issued a joint statement claiming that “they shall undertake more global responsibilities to protect the fundamental and long-term interests of the three countries themselves and the world”, which seems to have opened up opportunities for future cooperation among the three countries. Therefore, this paper explores the competitive and cooperative relationship among China, India, and Russia under the Belt and Road Initiative.