Odpowiedzialność karna i dyscyplinarna żołnierza i funkcjonariusza w świetle zasady ne bis in idem

he appearance in the legal system of military disciplinary regulations introducing the category of the so-called a contact act (i.e. an act that is a military disciplinary offense that simulta-neously fulfills the features of a prohibited act, penalized in another act, e.g. in the Act of June 6, 1997, the Penal Code) triggered a number of questions about the mutual relationship between the repressive nature of criminal and quasi-repressive military disciplinary liability. The category of a contact act expressis verbis refers to the provision of Art. 17 sec. 1 and art. 17 sec. 2 points 2-3 of the Act of 09/10/2009 on Military Discipline. Committing a military disciplinary offense by a mil-itary soldier, which at the same time carries the features of an offense penalized in the Criminal Code, gives the possibility of double (i.e. criminal and disciplinary) punishment of a soldier for the same act in fact. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether such practice makes ne bis in idem (prohibiting repeated punishment of a person for the same act) quite a constitutional principle; or, on the contrary, this practice violates constitutional standards? The analysis made in this article is an attempt to answer this question. The considerations are dogmatic and historical in nature, using the method of systemic and linguistic interpretation.

Oddziaływanie nieliberalnych rządów Nicolasa Maduro w Wenezueli na bez-pieczeństwo międzynarodowe w perspektywie współpracy Moskwy i Caracas

The aim of the paper is to show how the peculiarities of the Venezuelan political system, expressed by Nicolas Maduro and implemented by forces concentrated around this person, affect in-ternational security. The article shows that there is a close correlation between the illiberal political system of contemporary Venezuela and the behavior of the authorities of this country on the interna-tional forum. The degree of military involvement of the Russian Federation in Venezuela was as-sessed. It has been shown that the political system of contemporary Venezuela is petrified by the features of the authoritarian system; thus these features become the source of its weakness. This, in turn, enables countries supporting Maduro's rule to strengthen their positions in this country, which Russia also benefits from. Russia benefits, however, from this situation with a visible reserve resulting from the awareness of the total economic inertia of this, nominally, one of Latin America's richest countries. It was emphasized that Moscow is increasingly taking a wait-and-see position towards Ca-racas, realizing the growing uncertainty about the investments made so far in the country.

Polska mniejszość narodowa na Białorusi w okresie BSRR jako czynnik bezpieczeństwa narodowego ZSRR (1945-1985)

The Polish national minority in the USSR, including the BSSR, was viewed from the aspect of state security as an unreliable, subversive element. In this regard, it had to be Sovietized and Russified. In the conditions of the BSSR, there was also a specificity of the solution of the Polish question: first, the Poles were subjected to Sovietization and Byelorussification, and then to Russification. It was not possible to fully implement the plan for Sovietization and depolonization of the region and thus turn the Polish national minority into a Soviet society of power. The cultural and national specificity of the Poles of the BSSR and especially in the Grodno region has been preserved. However, the Soviet legacy in relation to the Polish national minority in independent Belarus has survived, including in the post-Soviet imperial complex “Great Belarus”, a character-istic complex of “small empires” for most of the former Soviet republics.

Направления реализации стратегии национальной безопасности стран Балтийского региона

The article analyzes the strategy and principles of building the national security strat-egy of the Russian Federation, considers the priorities of ensuring national security. Security doc-trines are aimed at security in the military, political, and informational environment. The article highlights the priority tasks in the field of national defense of the Russian Federation. The review analyzes the integrated security strategies of the countries of the Baltic region – Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia; analyzes the effectiveness of the doctrine of “total defense” of Estonia, the procedure and forms of its implementation. It is stated that the Baltic countries are considering various options to improve security, the concept of “total defense”, is based on the protection of the position of neu-trality, the defense policy of the countries is based on cooperation with large European and regional countries (Finland, Sweden, Poland). The article states that the military security of countries is associated with the need to deepen cooperation with NATO. The doctrine of territorial defense of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, directions of defense policy and territorial security is analyzed.

Uzasadniona potrzeba czy histeryczny strach przed terroryzmem na przykładzie unijnych rozwiązań utrudniających dostęp do broni palnej

The Paris events recorded in November 2015 once again made people realize that Europe may also be the area of influence of contemporary terrorism. Individual countries and international organizations look for solutions that will improve security and thus reduce the risk of other attacks. One of the ways to reduce the potential risk of acts of terror is the imposition of restrictive regulations by the European Union regarding access to firearms and the sale of firearms. The article identifies contemporary terrorism as one of the most serious threats to international security. It presents and analyses formal, legal, and institutional solutions used in the fight against the phenomenon of terrorism. First, the analysis focuses on the solutions ap-plied by countries belonging to the United Nations Organization (UNO), and then the regula-tions adopted by the European Union. The rules governing the access to firearms by EU citi-zens, as well as the rules regarding the trade in firearms in the territory of the EU and the impact of these solutions on reducing the risk of terrorist attack, were analysed in detail.

Analiza porównawcza zarządzania bezpieczeństwem zdrowotnym państwa a jego rozwój gospodarczy

Assuming that social health status affects the level of human capital, the priority of every modern state should be to ensure that its citizens are provided with adequate health condi-tions, and thus a sense of health safety. Consequently, state activities aimed at managing safety in the field of health policy should translate into both productivity and working efficiency of society, which in turn should stimulate the economic development of the country. This paper attempts to present selected health safety measures to improve the health of the population with the example of the activities of the EU and public institutions in selected voivodeships imple-menting the principles of sustainable development and long-term investment in society. In this paper, an analysis of documents relating to direct actions with regard to this issue has been used as a research method. The conducted research shows that the cooperation of EU Member States creates a platform for cooperation on combating health inequalities and basic social determinants of health, the aim of which is to improve the health and quality of life of EU citizens, which in turn should translate into accelerating economic development.

Obszary wyzwań edukacji dla bezpieczeństwa

The variability of the closer and more distant environment, which has been ob-served for a long time, requires the preparation of individual entities of social life to cope with threatening situations, which is extremely important due to the need to ensure security in terms of both personnel and structure. This task is possible, although undoubtedly not easy, but thanks to education aimed at: the good of the individual and his creativity, self-fulfillment, broadly understood responsibility, as well as the ability to adapt to behavior in the face of threats, it is possible to equip society with the necessary knowledge and skills. to withstand emerging chal-lenges. The author analyzes the challenges in the area of education for security, pointing to its increasingly expanding subject scope.

Prawne i praktyczne aspekty bezpieczeństwa pracy mediatora – badania pilotażowe

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the functioning of the mediator profession in various aspects of its effectiveness. This implies the need for research in all dimen-sions of his work. Much has been said about the mediation procedure, about the ways of conducting it, about ethics and even the desired qualities of a mediator, but it has not yet been examined whether his/her work is safe, and if not, what constitutes the greatest threat in it. The work of a mediator is distinguished not only by specific technical and organizational features, but also based on unique competences, skills and knowledge. The role of the mediator is to perform specific tasks that are characterized by high social usefulness, and his activity is primarily focused on working with peo-ple. The article describes the specificity of the mediator's profession and discusses the pilot studies carried out among professionally active mediators in Poland in terms of the safety of their work, in general and psychological aspects.

Użycie bezzałogowych statków powietrznych typu FlyEye na potrzeby wojskowej ochrony przeciwpożarowej – wyniki badań

Unmanned aerial vehicles are used for a wide range of fire protection tasks, includ-ing search and rescue operations. Today, unmanned aerial platforms patrol coastal zones, par-ticipate in road incidents patrolling, and perform many other tasks in various areas of the infra-structure, economy, etc. The Military Fire Protection Inspectorate organizes, supervises, and conducts rescue operations in divisions supervised by Ministry of National Defense. Due to advanced technology, FlyEye unmanned aerial vehicles effectively help to eliminate fire risks in military units and other organizational units.

Korozja pokrycia samolotu i względy bezpieczeństwa konstrukcyjnego

The aim of this article is to point out some peculiarities of airframe corrosion, the impact of external forces on aircraft skin elements and their impact on structural integrity. The corrosion process is generally associated with fatigue of aircraft structural elements due to the effect of many factors such as the type of loading, the properties of the materials, the corro-sive environment, etc. The article is not focused on corrosion processes, but on load factors that are specific to aircraft wing design elements and their influence on corrosion of critical struc-tural elements. Corrosion of the wing is perceived as a consequence of environmental impact on damaged surface protection of the skin and connecting parts (rivets, screws, and welded joints) caused by static and dynamic stress of the wing and also by the interaction of the indi-vidual structural elements as a whole. The dynamics of operation of individual structural ele-ments is further enhanced by the fatigue of the material. Early detection of corrosion processes has generally been and is crucial to overall safety of the aircraft. The proposals presented in the article are formulated in order to improve the system of work to ensure the safety of aircraft operation in terms of resistance to corrosion damage.