Regional Value-Added Trade Network: Topological Features and Its Evolution

Based on a new trade accounting method—the trade in value-added accounting method—this paper constructs the international manufacturing trade in value-added networks and preferential trade agreement (PTA) networks and uses the complex network analysis method to explore the relations between PTA and international manufacturing trade in value-added from the perspective of the global value chain. The results are as follows: (1) Over the years, the international manufacturing trade in value-added networks and PTA networks has shown a significant clustering effect, and the size of networks has grown rapidly. (2) The TEX, DVA and FVA networks of the international manufacturing value added trade over the years can be divided into two societies in the Asia-Pacific region and the European region. This division just reflects the different modes of division of labor in the manufacturing value chain of the two major economic regions in the world. (3) QAP analysis shows that the influencing factors of the traditional gravity model can still explain the manufacturing trade network and its value-added trade network, while the influence of economic globalization, the enlargement of the EU and the internationalization strategy of enterprises, the PTA network and manufacturing value-added the relationship between trade networks changed from positive to negative in 2004.

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Comparative Studies on Trade and Value-Added Trade along the “Belt and Road”: A Network Analysis

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2021/3994004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Guangjun Sui ◽

Jialing Zou ◽

Shuang Wu ◽

Danling Tang

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Trade Network ◽

Regional Economic ◽

Industrial Transfer ◽

A Value ◽

Network Method ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Economic Ties ◽

Economic Size ◽

The Belt And Road

With the deepening of regional industrial transfer, traditional trade data cannot fully explain the real level of trade in a region. This paper aims to reveal the changing pattern of real trade along the “Belt and Road” by establishing a value-added trade (VAT) network of the “Belt and Road” countries and comparing it with the trade network. Applying a network method, we analyze and compare the structures, characteristics, evolutions, and underlying dynamisms of both networks. With a thorough interpretation and visualization of the network density, network centrality, trade communities, and influencing factors of both networks in the three time sections of 2005, 2010, and 2015, we come to the following findings: (1) the connectivity of both networks has been greatly enhanced, reflecting a more integrated regional economy. (2) The center-external structure of both networks has been further strengthened and the polarization of the VAT network is more obvious than that of the trade network. (3) The organizations of trade communities and VAT communities are largely different. Specifically, China rapidly increased its core position in the VAT network and incorporated more and more countries into its VAT community. (4) The underlying factors have similar impacts on both networks. While the growth of regional economic size and free trade agreements will enhance both trade and VAT, the economic gaps and population differences among the “Belt and Road” countries will prohibit regional economic ties. Based on these findings, we propose suggestions on further regional economic cooperation by taking advantage of China’s core position to promote regional VAT, construct broad trade channels, and enhance trade governance.

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Forgotten effects in trade relations: a view from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Asian Education and Development Studies ◽

10.1108/aeds-12-2019-0182 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Julio Rojas-Mora ◽

Felipe Chávez-Bustamante ◽

Cristian Mondaca-Marino

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Value Added ◽

Monte Carlo Experiment ◽

Belt And Road Initiative ◽

Trade Network ◽

Content Type ◽

Trade Relations ◽

Belt And Road ◽

Trade Relationship ◽

The Belt And Road

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate Chinese indirect trade relations in the global trade network to observe if the objectives identified by Cai (2017) in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) are being fulfilled, especially with Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries.Design/methodology/approachUsing data from the UNCTAD (2016) for the period 2011–2015, a normalized exports network is built. It is analyzed with the Forgotten Effects Theory and the PageRank algorithm. A Monte Carlo experiment with 10,000 replicates is performed to account for its volatility.FindingsThe paper identifies one instance in which China's peripheral countries are importing raw materials and commodities -–oil products – to produce low technological value-added products, which, in turn, are exported to China. LAC countries do not have significant indirect trade relations with China when the former is the origin country, while the latter is the destination in a trade relationship. The trade network has a clear core-periphery structure, with China belonging to its core, although being only the fourth most central node in the network.Originality/valueThis paper contributes with both a new methodology for the analysis of indirect trade relations and the results found for China under the BRI and its trade relationship with LAC economies.

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Features and Evolution of Global Energy Trade Network Based on Domestic Value-Added Decomposition of Export

Energy ◽

10.1016/j.energy.2021.120486 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120486

Author(s):

Gang Wu ◽

Yue Pu ◽

Tianran Shu

Keyword(s):

Value Added ◽

Trade Network ◽

Global Energy ◽

Energy Trade

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Imaging of platinum-shadowed macromolecular complexes in dark field

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110891 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

D.W. Andrews ◽

F.P. Ottensmeyer

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Dark Field ◽

Bright Field ◽

Field Mode ◽

Macromolecular Complexes ◽

Average Mass ◽

Topological Features ◽

Projection Images

Shadowing with heavy metals has been used for many years to enhance the topological features of biological macromolecular complexes. The three dimensional features present in directionaly shadowed specimens often simplifies interpretation of projection images provided by other techniques. One difficulty with the method is the relatively large amount of metal used to achieve sufficient contrast in bright field images. Thick shadow films are undesirable because they decrease resolution due to an increased tendency for microcrystalline aggregates to form, because decoration artefacts become more severe and increased cap thickness makes estimation of dimensions more uncertain.The large increase in contrast provided by the dark field mode of imaging allows the use of shadow replicas with a much lower average mass thickness. To form the images in Fig. 1, latex spheres of 0.087 μ average diameter were unidirectionally shadowed with platinum carbon (Pt-C) and a thin film of carbon was indirectly evaporated on the specimen as a support.

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Sustainable 2,5-furandicarboxylic synthesis by a direct 5-hydroxymethylfurfural fuel cell based on a bifunctional PtNiSx catalyst

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/d0cc06087a ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (88) ◽

pp. 13611-13614

Author(s):

Jialu Wang ◽

Xian Zhang ◽

Guozhong Wang ◽

Yunxia Zhang ◽

Haimin Zhang

Keyword(s):

Fuel Cell ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Value Added ◽

Chemical Energy ◽

New Type

A new type of direct 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation fuel cell based on a bifunctional PtNiSx/CB catalyst not only transformed chemical energy into electric energy but also converted HMF into value-added 2,5-furandicarboxylic (FDCA).

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