Credit and Liquidity Risk Assessment of NCC Bank: A Correlational Analysis

Credit risk and default risk are two interchangeable terms. Credit risk arises mainly from the lending, trade finance, leasing, and treasury business. This can be described as a potential loss from a counterparty's failure to perform as per contractual agreement with the bank being financially incapable or unwilling to repay it. Financial incapability arises when the creditor's source of earning becomes volatile. The unwillingness comes from the creditor's tendency to cheat and to make a bulk grain from the fraudulent activities. At a stretch, credit risk for the bank illustrates that the bank's performing loan portion can turn into non-performing ones. And that will decrease the recovery rate of the loan extended, and, as a result, the bank will face trouble providing the required interest amount by the depositors. Gradually the bank will become insolvent and maybe some days a bankrupt one.

Economic and political determinants of the South African labour share, 1971–2019

This study examines the drivers of the steady decline in South Africa’s private sector labour share between 1971 and 2019. The focus on South Africa is instructive as its distributional contestation is bounded in a matrix of racial conflict. Crucial reforms on trade, finance and welfare were undertaken since 1994, but the study finds little evidence that the extension of the franchise promoted egalitarianism, since white economic elites invested in de facto political power. This study employs an Unrestricted Error Correction Model to estimate the drivers of the private sector labour share, and the findings suggest that globalisation, financialisation and public spending have decreased the labour share, while the effects of education have been positive but insufficient to halt the decline.

Trade Finance and Payment Methods in International Trade

International transactions are riskier than domestic transactions for several reasons, including, but not limited to, geographical distance, longer shipping times, greater informational frictions, contract enforcement, and dispute resolution problems. Such risks stem, fundamentally, from a timing mismatch between payment and delivery in business transactions. Trade finance plays a critical role in bridging the gap, thereby overcoming greater risks inherent in international trade. It is thus even described as the lifeline of international trade, because more than 90% of international transactions involve some form of credit, insurance, or guarantee. Despite its importance in international trade, however, it was not until the great trade collapse in 2008–2009 that trade finance came to the attention of academic researchers. An emerging literature on trade finance has contributed to providing answers to questions such as: Who is responsible for financing transactions, and, hence, who would need liquidity support most to sustain international trade? This is particularly relevant in developing countries, where the lack of trade finance is often identified as the main hindrance to trade, and in times of financial crisis, when the overall drying up of trade finance could lead to a global collapse in trade.

THE EXPERIENCE OF THE WORLDS LEADING COUNTRIES IN IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMERCIAL BANKS AT THE PRESENT STAGE, CONTRIBUTIONS OF THIS EXPERIENCE TO THE BANKING SYSTEM OF AZERBAIJAN

Banks are one of the indispensable elements of the financial system. Banks are enterprises that collect free funds from large economic units and use them in economic units that need money. Although this structure initially means an intermediary service, banks focus on both the role of attracting and offering funds beyond the intermediary service. By creating new investment instruments, banks are turning people's banking activities into a more customer-oriented structure by attracting people's interest. Increased connectivity leads banks to create and offer additional services in the field of financial transactions not only locally but also between countries. On the other hand, banks also offer services such as brokerage services, guarantee services, payment and settlement services, and guarantees for foreign trade finance. Today, banks continue to provide a wide range of services under the influence of technology. However, today the wide range of banking operations allows banks to become more profitable in the products they offer.

Governance in the era of Blockchain technology in Qatar: a roadmap and a manual for Trade Finance

Nations worldwide have sought to capitalize on the benefits of distributed ledger technology (DLT) including Blockchain, but struggled to strike a balance between encouraging investment and innovation in the technology while addressing the challenges and uncertainties through regulation. Through its FinTech (Financial Technology) Strategy, Qatar has sought to embrace DLT, but its regulatory approach also remains cautious. Trade Finance is an ideal business process to be disrupted through the benefits of DLT and especially Blockchain technology, since its processes remain antiquated, inefficient and lack digitization. Blockchain as a form of DLT particularly offers the Trade Finance process not only more rapid, secure, cost-effective and efficient procedures, but importantly completely assures trust between importers and exporters and removes the requirement to place such trust in third-party intermediaries. Qatar can reap considerable economic benefits through the enhancement of its Trade Finance regulations enabling the adoption of such Blockchain technology. As such, the authors propose a roadmap and manual for the governance of the Trade Finance Blockchain ecosystem in Qatar. The authors propose multi-layered governance approach to the regulation of Blockchain in Qatar by (1) embracing international regulations and standards; (2) replicating foreign regional and national rules that are appropriate and innovative; and (3) applying sandbox regulations to Blockchain products and services.

Relationship Between International Factoring and Cross-border Trade: A Granger Causality Approach

Trade finance is integral for international trade as it offers fluidity and safety to the movement of merchandise and services globally. After the financial crisis of 2008–2009, there has been an increase in the use of open accounts, which enhances the possibilities for availing factoring for international trade. International factoring has witnessed considerable growth in the last decade. This article examines the relationship between international factoring and cross-border trade using Granger causality. It also examines the causal relations of international factoring with disaggregated data of cross-border trade of imports and exports. We find a unidirectional causal flow from international trade to international factoring, and a unidirectional casual flow from exports to international factoring. JEL Classification: F10, F30