Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Nervous System in Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-50
Author(s):  
Vanitha Rajagopalan ◽  
Ramamani Mariappan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Developmental Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System

IV.—Observations on the Normal Temperature of the Monkey and its Diurnal Variation, and on the Effect of Changes in the Daily Routine on this Variation

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutherland Simpson ◽  
J. J. Galbraith
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
High Position ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The observations recorded in the following pages were begun upwards of four years ago. In the course of an investigation into the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system of the monkey, it was deemed necessary, amongst other things, to note whether the lesions established had influenced the temperature of the affected limbs. On consulting the chapter on “Animal Heat” by Pembrey in Schäfer's Text-booh of Physiology, and Richet's article “Chaleur,” in the Dictionnaire de Physiologie to find what the normal temperature of the monkey was, it was discovered that very few observations on the temperature of this animal had been made. Considering the high position which the monkey occupies in the animal scale, it seemed to us that this was an omission which we might with advantage do something to remedy; we decided therefore to avail ourselves of the material at our disposal, and to record the temperature of such healthy monkeys as should come into the laboratory from time to time.

Maternal physiology

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
Korede Adekanye ◽  
Abrie Theron
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Regional Anaesthesia ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Medical Conditions ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Time Periods

During pregnancy, maternal anatomy and physiology changes significantly. It is important to be aware of what is considered ‘normal’ for pregnancy, in order to promptly recognize and treat medical conditions that may subsequently develop in the antenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal time periods. This chapter sets out the anatomical and physiological changes according to each system: starting with a comprehensive review of the cardiovascular and respiratory changes, which have the most significant adaptations, through the renal, gastro-intestinal, haematological, and endocrine changes, and ending with the central nervous system. Altered anatomy and physiology will affect the conduct of general and regional anaesthesia. The difficulties associated with the obstetric airway, maternal oxygenation, and positioning during anaesthesia are clearly described.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2004 ◽  
pp. 48-136
Author(s):  
Vivian K. Mushahwar ◽  
Taleen Hanania ◽  
James Ingram ◽  
Kelvin E. Jones ◽  
Susan K. Patrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The Glymphatic Pathway: Waste Removal from the CNS via Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Benveniste ◽  
Hedok Lee ◽  
Nora D. Volkow
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Glymphatic Pathway

The overall premise of this review is that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is transported within a dedicated peri-vascular network facilitating metabolic waste clearance from the central nervous system while we sleep. The anatomical profile of the network is complex and has been defined as a peri-arterial CSF influx pathway and peri-venous clearance routes, which are functionally coupled by interstitial bulk flow supported by astrocytic aquaporin 4 water channels. The role of the newly discovered system in the brain is equivalent to the lymphatic system present in other body organs and has been termed the “glymphatic pathway” or “(g)lymphatics” because of its dependence on glial cells. We will discuss and review the general anatomy and physiology of CSF from the perspective of the glymphatic pathway, a discovery which has greatly improved our understanding of key factors that control removal of metabolic waste products from the central nervous system in health and disease and identifies an additional purpose for sleep. A brief historical and factual description of CSF production and transport will precede the ensuing discussion of the glymphatic system along with a discussion of its clinical implications.

Introduction to the central nervous system

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin E. Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
The Body ◽  
Everyday Objects ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Functional Pathways ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Brain

Dental students and practitioners need a working knowledge of the central nervous system (CNS) for several reasons. • A general knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system is required to understand the major roles it plays in controlling body functions. • The cranial nerves innervating the head and neck, including the oral cavity, underpin all functions in these areas; knowledge of these nerves, including their connections to the CNS is vital to understanding the anatomy and physiology of this region. • Clinically, dental students and practitioners will frequently encounter patients suffering from one or other of the many diseases affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Satisfactory dental management of such patients requires some understanding of their illness which in turn requires knowledge of the general structure of the nervous system. The anatomy of the nervous system was described long before we understood much of its function. Like all other parts of the body, everything is named; some of the names seem to defy the logic of anatomical nomenclature used to describe structures elsewhere in the body introduced in Chapter 1. Some of the structures visible to the naked eye were named by their fanciful resemblance to everyday objects such as olives; their names, therefore, bear no resemblance to their function. However, the nerve tracts that connect different areas to form functional pathways are described using a consistent system of naming. Only the most important structures that can be observed in dissected brains or form important landmarks in functional pathways are included in these chapters on the nervous system. It is important to appreciate that much of the detailed structure of the brain can only be observed microscopically. Special microscopical methods are required to show its structure and even then, a practised eye is required to interpret them. Nevertheless, it does help to know the outline of how the connections and functions of the nervous system have been investigated to understand how we have arrived at our present level of knowledge. Initially, careful clinical observations of signs and symptoms prior to death were correlated with post-mortem changes in the brain.

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