Maternal physiology

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-68
Author(s):  
Korede Adekanye ◽  
Abrie Theron

During pregnancy, maternal anatomy and physiology changes significantly. It is important to be aware of what is considered ‘normal’ for pregnancy, in order to promptly recognize and treat medical conditions that may subsequently develop in the antenatal, intrapartum, or postnatal time periods. This chapter sets out the anatomical and physiological changes according to each system: starting with a comprehensive review of the cardiovascular and respiratory changes, which have the most significant adaptations, through the renal, gastro-intestinal, haematological, and endocrine changes, and ending with the central nervous system. Altered anatomy and physiology will affect the conduct of general and regional anaesthesia. The difficulties associated with the obstetric airway, maternal oxygenation, and positioning during anaesthesia are clearly described.

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutherland Simpson ◽  
J. J. Galbraith

The observations recorded in the following pages were begun upwards of four years ago. In the course of an investigation into the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system of the monkey, it was deemed necessary, amongst other things, to note whether the lesions established had influenced the temperature of the affected limbs. On consulting the chapter on “Animal Heat” by Pembrey in Schäfer's Text-booh of Physiology, and Richet's article “Chaleur,” in the Dictionnaire de Physiologie to find what the normal temperature of the monkey was, it was discovered that very few observations on the temperature of this animal had been made. Considering the high position which the monkey occupies in the animal scale, it seemed to us that this was an omission which we might with advantage do something to remedy; we decided therefore to avail ourselves of the material at our disposal, and to record the temperature of such healthy monkeys as should come into the laboratory from time to time.


Oncotarget ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (69) ◽  
pp. 114393-114413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Lannes ◽  
Elisabeth Eppler ◽  
Samar Etemad ◽  
Peter Yotovski ◽  
Luis Filgueira

Author(s):  
Vivian K. Mushahwar ◽  
Taleen Hanania ◽  
James Ingram ◽  
Kelvin E. Jones ◽  
Susan K. Patrick ◽  
...  

Cephalalgia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Cathcart ◽  
Anthony H Winefield ◽  
Kurt Lushington ◽  
Paul Rolan

Stress is widely demonstrated as a contributing factor in tension-type headache (TTH). The mechanisms underlying this remain unclear at present. Recent research indicates the importance of central pain processes in tension-type headache (TTH) pathophysiology. Concurrently, research with animals and healthy humans has begun to elucidate the relationship between stress and pain processing in the central nervous system, including central pain processes putatively dysfunctional in TTH. Combined, these two fields of research present new insights and hypotheses into possible mechanisms by which stress may contribute to TTH. To date, however, there has been no comprehensive review of this literature. The present paper provides such a review, which may be valuable in facilitating a broader understanding of the central mechanisms by which stress may contribute to TTH.


2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene Benveniste ◽  
Hedok Lee ◽  
Nora D. Volkow

The overall premise of this review is that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is transported within a dedicated peri-vascular network facilitating metabolic waste clearance from the central nervous system while we sleep. The anatomical profile of the network is complex and has been defined as a peri-arterial CSF influx pathway and peri-venous clearance routes, which are functionally coupled by interstitial bulk flow supported by astrocytic aquaporin 4 water channels. The role of the newly discovered system in the brain is equivalent to the lymphatic system present in other body organs and has been termed the “glymphatic pathway” or “(g)lymphatics” because of its dependence on glial cells. We will discuss and review the general anatomy and physiology of CSF from the perspective of the glymphatic pathway, a discovery which has greatly improved our understanding of key factors that control removal of metabolic waste products from the central nervous system in health and disease and identifies an additional purpose for sleep. A brief historical and factual description of CSF production and transport will precede the ensuing discussion of the glymphatic system along with a discussion of its clinical implications.


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