Improvement of Hard Water Characteristics and Scale Formation Under the Effect of Pulsating Electromagnetic Field

2021 ◽  
pp. 259-269
Author(s):  
Amrit Anand Dosar ◽  
Vivek Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Water Characteristics

Effects of water characteristics on granular sludge formation in a USB reactor for denitrification of drinking water

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tarre ◽  
R. Armon ◽  
G. Shelef ◽  
M. Green
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
Granular Sludge ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Mineralization Process ◽  
Sludge Volume Index ◽  
Sludge Formation ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Water Chemical Composition ◽  
Influent Water

The effects of water chemical composition on granular sludge formation in a denitrifying USB reactor was studied. The mineral fraction and sludge volume index (SVI) of the granular sludge in the reactor were found to be closely related to the composition of the influent water. Groundwater and simulated ‘hard’ water produced granules with good settling characteristics and high reactor VSS concentrations. Sludge granules from the reactor fed with surface water, which had lower concentrations of calcium and alkalinity, had a low mineral content and high SVI values resulting in biomass washout and reactor instability. The mineralization process, as expressed by the sludge's ash content (mainly CaCO3), is due to an increase in the pH and alkalinity during denitrification thereby changing the reactor's precipitation potential.

scholarly journals The Analysis of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Effect on Solution Conductivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 109-115
Author(s):  
Novan Agung Mahardiono ◽  
Hanif Fakhrurroja ◽  
V. Luvita ◽  
Sudaryati Cahyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Field Effect ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Solution Conductivity ◽  
Pulsed Electromagnetic ◽  
Cacl2 Solution

This paper presents the observation of magnetization process variableswhich influenced the conductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2solution. Some of the survey results revealed that there was a decrease inthe rate of particle formation of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2 of theions in the sample of the magnetized hard water. This study compared theconductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2 and CaCl2 solution before and afterthe pulsed electromagnetic field with a concentration level of 0.1 M wasgiven. Electromagnetic Water Treatment (EW) was used to generate theelectromagnetic pulse wit 9.3 mT pulsed electromagnetic filed. Tools Themeasurement of solution conductivity level conducted using BenchConductivity Meter was calibrated by Control Company with certificatenumber 4163-4997748 and traceable to the National Institute of Standardsand Technology. The measurement was conducted by observing the timefunction of solution conductivity of FeSO4, MnSO4, MgCl2, and CaCl2.The results showed that pulsed electromagnetic fields affected theconductivity of FeSO4 and CaCl2 solution by74% and 67%, respectively.Meanwhile, the lower conductivity was observed from MnSO4 and MgCl2solution with 6% due to process of magnetization which caused theinstability of the ionic bonding in the solution.

Comparison of high- and low-frequency electromagnetic field analysis

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Konrad ◽  
I. A. Tsukerman
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Field Analysis

Effect of Zr addition on alumina scale formation during oxidation of high purity FeCrAlY-alloy

2003 ◽  
Vol 91 (7-8-9) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Naumenko ◽  
V. Kochubey ◽  
J. Le Coze ◽  
L. Niewolak ◽  
L. Singheiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Alumina Scale ◽  
Scale Formation ◽  
Zr Addition

Pengoptimalan Air Leri dalam Pembuatan Sabun Pembersih Wajah Alami yang Ekonomis

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Trimayasari Trimayasari ◽  
Ghozali Akhmad Mustaqim ◽  
Wening Dwi Prastiwi ◽  
Emas Agus Prastyo Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Starch Granules ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Skin Cells ◽  
The Face ◽  
Made In

AbstractSoap facial cleanser is needed to keep the facial skin to keep them clean and healthy. The purpose of this study to make soap cleanser with natural materials such as hard water deposits leri. This is because the use of leri water starch or starch granules of fine particles contained in water leri dansel dust can shed the dead skin on the face because of the essential amino acids contained can regenerate skin cells. In addition, water leri can brighten the face because the leri water oryzanol contain substances that can update the development and formation of the pigment melanin, which is effectively to ward off ultraviolet rays. The process of making soap using the principle of saponification reaction, namely the reaction between the oil and the KOH/NaOH. Facial cleansing soap made in this study is solid soap. Based on the results of quality test, soap solid leri water has a pH of 11.1, saponification number is 33, the water content of 46% as well as respondents to the test aspects of aroma and foam shows good results so this water leri treatment can be an alternative solution to prevent the use of soap facial cleansers that contain harmful chemicals. Keywords: air leri, soap cleanser, saponification  AbstrakSabun pembersih wajah sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga kulit wajah agar tetap bersih dan sehat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuat sabun pembersih wajah dengan bahan alami berupa endapan air leri. Penggunaan air leri ini dikarenakan butiran partikel starch atau pati halus yang terdapat dalam air leri dapat merontokkan debu dansel kulit mati pada wajah karena asam amino esensial yang terkandung dapat meregenerasi sel-sel kulit. Selain itu, air leri dapat mencerahkan wajah karena air leri mengandung zat oryzanol yang dapat memperbarui perkembangan dan pembentukan pigmen melanin, yang efektif guna menangkal sinar ultraviolet. Proses pembuatan sabun menggunakan prinsip reaksi saponifikasi, yaitu reaksi antara minyak dan KOH/NaOH. Sabun pembersih wajah yang dibuat dalam penelitian ini ialah sabun padat. Berdasarkan hasil uji mutu, sabun air leri padat memiliki pH 11,1, angka penyabunan sebesar 33 kadar air 46 kadar air 46 % serta uji responden terhadap aspek aroma dan busa yang menunjukkan hasil cukup baik sehingga pengolahan air leri ini dapat menjadi solusi alternative untuk mencegah penggunaan sabun pembersih wajah yang mengandung bahan kimia berbahaya. Kata kunci: air leri, sabun pembersih wajah, saponifikasi 

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