Expert consensus on the use of sunscreen agents: Indian perspective

<p class="abstract">Sunscreens have been widely known to play an integral part in photoprotection. Both physical and chemical sunscreens have been extensively used for prevention and management of several conditions induced by ultraviolet rays such as sunburn, photoaging, skin cancer, and phototoxic reactions. Currently, sunscreens are available in different formulations like creams, lotions, gels, sticks, and sprays. Forty experts in the field of clinical dermatology participated in the expert group meetings organized via teleconference webinar to discuss definitions, diagnoses, and management. Current evidence on the use of sunscreen agents along with clinical experience of experts was discussed. The application of an adequate amount of sunscreen with an appropriate sun protection factor is imperative, and must be in accordance to skin type and exposure pattern of an individual. As part of a complete sun protection regimen, the judicious use of sunscreens must be combined with avoidance of midday sun exposure and protective clothing. There is an undeniable need to improve public education and awareness regarding use of sunscreens. This review article provides a consensus clinical viewpoint of expert dermatologists on effective use of sunscreens to assist in clinical decision-making for healthcare professionals.</p>

Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Staphylococcus Aureus and Enterococcus

Background: The study of microorganism is called microbiology, which includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and Protozoa. Microbes play a major role in this field. Microbes are also used for life-saving drugs etc.. The effect of ultraviolet rays on the bacterias are mostly lethal to them, UV is a minor fraction of the solar spectrum reaching the ground surfaces, the UV light radiation will reduce the microbes in the surroundings as well as in the labs. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the ultraviolet rays on pathogenic bacterias. Materials and methods: Three organisms were selected for the study. Pseudomonas, S. Aureus and Enterococcus. 30 watts Uv tube was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Uv radiation. The exposure time was determined as 5, 10 and 15 mins at a close distance of 10cm. 20 microliter of suspension was taken and mixed in 2 ml of sterile normal saline and exposed for respective duration. Sub culture was done on suitable media after the exposure . Time exposed plates were incubated at 37 degree Celsius overnight and checked for the total CFU and data were tabulated. Results: The Ultraviolet radiation of pathogenic bacteria resulted in a significant reduction of the total colony forming unit. Conclusion: Ultraviolet rays were lethal to the bacterias. There are many airborne bacterias surrounded by environment ultraviolet rays exposure will cause an apparent decrease in the pathogenic bacterias.

A Rare Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presented with Multiple Discharging Sinus Over the Posterior Aspect of Left Thigh

Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common cutaneous malignancy. The most important etiological factor is chronic exposure to the ultraviolet rays and hence exposed areas of the body are the most common site of squamous cell carcinoma. It is very uncommon for SCC to occur at unexposed areas of the body, and it is usually associated with long standing ulcers, sinus or immunosuppression. Here we are reporting a rare of Squamous Cell carcinoma which developed from multiple discharging sinus over the posterior aspect of left thigh in a 67 year old male.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PTEROCARPUS SANTALINUS AND ITS ROLE IN DERMATOLOGY

The review provides an updated overview of the phytochemical and pharmacological studies on Pterocarpus santalinus. It briefs on the synergistic interactions of P. santalinus with other medicinal plants and its use in Ayurvedic formulations. Phytochemical analysis suggests the presence of triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. The phytoconstituents and related pharmacological activities of various parts of P. santalinus include antifungal, anticholinesterase, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antiulcer. Literature survey highlights the dermatological applications of the phytoconstituents such as pterostilbene, savinin, and betulin as potential leads for anti-aging, ultraviolet rays (UV-B) protective, and wound healing effects. Undoubtedly, P. santalinus has wide therapeutic value. The dermatologically significant phytoconstituents, namely, pterostilbene, cedrol, savinin, lupeol, betulin, β-eudesmol, and α-bisabolol, if isolated and used in dermatological formulations, can show promising skin protective effect. The data were compiled using scientific databases, namely, Google Scholar and PubMed, the data made available specifically from 2010 to 2021.

THE USE OF A CALCIUM-CONTAINING VITAMIN-MINERAL COMPLEX IN CHRONIC GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Витамин Д является жирорастворимым витамином, который в организме человека вырабатывается только при определённых условиях, когда ультрафиолетовые лучи солнечного света попадают на кожу человека. В организм человека витамин Д поступает в ограниченном количестве 20- 30% от потребности , в таких продуктах питания как: лосось(200-800 МЕ на 100 г), сметана-50 МЕ, печень говяжья-45МЕ, масло сливочное-10-150 МЕ, молоко, обогащённое витамином Д, желтки яиц-45 МЕ. Витамину Д для активации в организме необходимо пройти два процесса гидроксилирования. Первый из них происходит в печени (до 90%) и превращает витамин Д в 25-гидроксивитамин Д-25(ОН)Д или кальцидиол. Второй этап происходит в почках (10%), в результате чего синтезируется активный 1,25 -дигидроксивитамин Д или кальцитриол. Уровень образования Д-гормона в организме взрослого человека составляет около 0,3-1,0 мкг/сут. Важнейшая реакция, в которой участвует витамин Д - абсорбция кальция в кишечнике и его реабсорбция в почках, поддержание необходимого уровня кальция и фосфатов в крови, он необходим для роста костей и процессов костного ремоделирования. Чтобы сохранить нормальный гомеостаз кальция и костного ремоделирования, организму необходимо получать витамин D3. В условиях физиологии его потребность варьирует в сутки от двухсот-четырёхсот МЕ (у взрослых людей), до шестисот-восьмисот МЕ (у людей пожилого возраста) и до одной тысячи МЕ у лиц, живущих в районах Крайнего Севера. Концентрация промежуточного метаболита [25-(OH)D3] в сыворотке крови считается самым надёжным показателем общего обмена витамина D, поэтому этот показатель может быть использован для определения обеспеченности организма витамином D. Также он необходим для выяснения причин патологических концентраций кальция в сыворотке крови пациентов. Адекватное содержание [25-(OH)D3] поддерживает абсорбцию кальция и костный метаболизм. Содержание же [25-(OH)D3] ниже целевого значения 30 нг/мл вызывает снижение кальция в плазме крови и повышение секреции ПТГ, и как следствие, остеокластическую резорбцию кости, нарушение процессов ремоделирования и минерализации костной ткани, снижение её плотности и изменение костной архитектуры Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is produced in the human body only under certain conditions, when ultraviolet rays of sunlight fall on the human skin. The human body receives vitamin D in a limited amount of 20-30% of the need, in such food products as: salmon (200-800 IU per 100 g), sour cream-50 IU, beef liver-45 IU, butter-10-150 IU, milk enriched with vitamin D, egg yolks-45 IU. Vitamin D needs to undergo two hydroxylation processes to be activated in the body. The first of these occurs in the liver (up to 90%) and converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D-25(OH)D or calcidiol. The second stage occurs in the kidneys (10%), resulting in the synthesis of active 1,25 -dihydroxyvitamin D or calcitriol. The level of D-hormone formation in the adult body is about 0.3-1.0 mcg/day. The most important reaction in which vitamin D is involved is the absorption of calcium in the intestine and its reabsorption in the kidneys, maintaining the necessary level of calcium and phosphates in the blood, it is necessary for bone growth and bone remodeling processes. To maintain normal calcium homeostasis and bone remodeling, the body needs to receive vitamin D3. In the conditions of physiology, its need varies per day from two hundred to four hundred IU (in adults), to six hundred to eight hundred IU (in the elderly) and up to one thousand IU in people living in the Far North. The concentration of the intermediate metabolite [25-(OH)D3] in the blood serum is considered the most reliable indicator of the total vitamin D metabolism, so this indicator can be used to determine the body's vitamin D supply. It is also necessary to find out the causes of abnormal concentrations of calcium in the blood serum of patients. Adequate [25-(OH)D3] content supports calcium absorption and bone metabolism. The content of [25-(OH)D3] below the target value of 30 ng / ml causes a decrease in calcium in the blood plasma and an increase in PTH secretion, and as a result, osteoclastic bone resorption, a violation of the processes of bone remodeling and mineralization, a decrease in its density and a change in bone architecture

Preparation ofZincOxide Nanoparticles by UV-IrradiationMethod in Two Different Media

The zinc oxidenanoparticles(ZnO NPs) were prepared in two media. The first one was in an aqueous medium resulting from the reaction of urea with zinc acetate at 0.3M concentration in both of them in deionized water. The second medium is a polymeric solution which is a dissolving of 4% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)in deionized water with zinc acetate. The nanoparticles were obtained after the two media were irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 30 min. According to the characterization of the XRD, FESEM, and UV-visible, the polymeric medium gives a less granular size in addition to its ease of use and handling.

Thermoplastique Degradation under Heat and Irradiation

The aim of the article is to highlight the effect of the environment on the properties of a polycarbonate (PC). It consists in aging this material under Ultra-violet (UV) combined with temperature for different periods of time, and to reveal the physicochemical and mechanical changes caused by aging. PC is a highly valued technical material for its various important characteristics and low cost. It finds its application in various fields but mainly in those whose requirements are the transparency and the impact resistance. The physicochemical and mechanicals characterizations of the marketed polycarbonate are necessary in order to highlight its intrinsic properties and to develop strategies that can improve its lifespan. In this work, we highlight the physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of virgin and aged polycarbonate. For this, analytical techniques and mechanical tests were used. A comparison of the characteristics revealed the combined effects of temperature and ultraviolet rays.

Assembly of UV-Ozone Reactor to Combat of Coronavirus and Other Pathogenic Microorganisms

The contamination on the surface of objects caused by: fungi, microbes, bacteria and viruses (and also coronavirus) can be solved using UV rays and/or ozone gas. For this reason, a UV-Ozone reactor apparatus with low cost was mounted to test two different types of HID (high intensity discharge) lamps: high pressure mercury vapor lamp (HPMVL) and metal halide lamp (MHL), both with nominal power of 400 watts and E-40 (base, screw) were studied as possible method of disinfection. Each lamp used the respective electromagnetic ballasts and both were manufactured by Osram Company. These lamps have two bulb types: the outer bulb which was removed and it is responsible for filtering the ultraviolet wavelengths and the internal bulb (where there is mercury, argon or metal halide confined at high pressure) that is the main source of ultraviolet rays. The complete apparatus was assembled using: aluminum reflector (used as a chamber), two microcomputer fans and a wooden base covered by an aluminum foil. A rubber strip was placed at the edge of the reflector for better adhesion on the aluminum foil (for better confinement ozone gas). The ozone concentration inside the reactor was measured with a monitor, the temperatures were measured near lamps with a thermocouple and a spectroradiometer with optical fiber was used to obtain the wavelengths. The results revealed to the elapsed time of 2 minutes a maximum peak of ozone concentration of 23 ppm for LVMAP, while the MHL presented 4.5 ppm only. The temperature obtained by HPMVL was lower with 31.5 ºC, while the MHL presented 48.0 ºC. The HPMVL presented higher amount of wavelengths at the ranges: UV-A, UV-B and UV-C, while the MHL presented only UV-A. For these reasons, it is suggested to be most promissory the use of HPMVL to combat the coronavirus and other pathogenic microorganisms.

Solar Retinopathy: Case Report

Aims: To describe a solar retinopathy. Presentation of Case: ALPN, 29 years old, male, with cognitive deficit that started after a car accident that occurred at the age of 6 years, attends the ophthalmology clinic of the University Hospital Antônio Pedro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with complaints of decreased visual acuity and metamorphopsia in both eyes (AO) started approximately 8 months ago. Family members reported that after the accident, the patient had the habit of spending mornings and afternoons looking at the sun. Discussion: Solar retinopathy is caused by the photochemical and thermal effects of ultraviolet radiation on retinal cells, especially in the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Symptoms can start a few hours after direct observation of the sun, and in most cases a bilateral involvement, although asymmetrically with variable visual acuity. Conclusions: A Solar retinopathy has a multifactorial origin, as it is related to the exposure time and the susceptibility of each individual. The use of hats and sunglasses with protection against ultraviolet rays and anti-reflection are effective preventive measures to be adopted if there is a need for exposure and observation of sunlight.

The role of local retinoids in eliminating signs of skin aging

Skin aging is a complex process involving both internal (chronological aging) and external (biological aging) factors. Slowing down the proliferative and immune processes in the epidermis, reducing the activity of fibroblasts and vascularization of the dermis during chronological aging lead to thinning, dryness, hypersensitivity, vulnerability and superficial wrinkles. Exposure to ultraviolet rays, pollutants, climate, and thermal factors cause keratinocyte disorganization, enhanced melanogenesis, collagen dystrophy, solar elastosis, and disorder of microcirculation. The main signs of external skin aging are deep wrinkles, sagging, pigmentation, telangiectasia, skin neoplasms. Among the local anti-aging agents, retinoids occupy a leading place, as they eliminate the main signs of skin aging. Of the entire group of retinoids, retinoic acids are the most active. However, the possibility of skin irritation limits their use. Therapeutic and cosmetic products with retinol esters (retinol palmitate) have a minimal irritating effect and can be used both for the prevention of skin aging and the elimination of its signs. Oral use of isotretinoin as an anti-aging agent is undesirable due to the many side effects and contraindications.