Secondary ossification center of transverse process: A bone-scan normal variant

Background: Os trigonum (OST) is commonly located on the posterior aspect of the talus. It occurs as a result of secondary ossification center failing to fuse with the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus; its incidence varies between 2 and 25%, and is more often bilateral. It occurs as an intra-articular Os, which is most often securely rooted to the lateral tubercle of the talus by a fibrocartilaginous synchondrosis. Aims and Objective: To determine the incidence, morphology, and distribution of Os Trigonum (OST). Materials and Methods: Retrospective 500 lateral foot radiographs view were studied to determine the incidence, morphology, and distribution of OST. Results: Incidence of OST in the present study was 6.6%, with predominantly round or ovoid in shape. OST was located on the posterolateral aspect of the talus. Conclusion: OST can be one of the causative factor responsible for Flexor hallucis longus tendonitis, OST syndrome, which occur in plantarflexion of the ankle, leading to compression of the OST between the distal tibia and the calcaneus. Hence, knowledge regarding the incidence, morphology, and distribution of OST is important for the radiologist, orthopedic surgeons to arrive at a correct diagnosis, which aids in the management of cases presenting with complaints of posterior ankle pain.

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Secondary ossification center induces and protects growth plate structure

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.55212 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Meng Xie ◽

Pavel Gol'din ◽

Anna Nele Herdina ◽

Jordi Estefa ◽

Ekaterina V Medvedeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Stress ◽

Growth Plate ◽

Hypertrophic Chondrocytes ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Anatomical Entity ◽

Terrestrial Environment ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

High Mechanical Stress ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

Growth plate and articular cartilage constitute a single anatomical entity early in development but later separate into two distinct structures by the secondary ossification center (SOC). The reason for such separation remains unknown. We found that evolutionarily SOC appears in animals conquering the land - amniotes. Analysis of the ossification pattern in mammals with specialized extremities (whales, bats, jerboa) revealed that SOC development correlates with the extent of mechanical loads. Mathematical modeling revealed that SOC reduces mechanical stress within the growth plate. Functional experiments revealed the high vulnerability of hypertrophic chondrocytes to mechanical stress and showed that SOC protects these cells from apoptosis caused by extensive loading. Atomic force microscopy showed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the least mechanically stiff cells within the growth plate. Altogether, these findings suggest that SOC has evolved to protect the hypertrophic chondrocytes from the high mechanical stress encountered in the terrestrial environment.

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IGF-I Signaling in Osterix-Expressing Cells Regulates Secondary Ossification Center Formation, Growth Plate Maturation, and Metaphyseal Formation During Postnatal Bone Development

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research ◽

10.1002/jbmr.2563 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (12) ◽

pp. 2239-2248 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Yongmei Wang ◽

Alicia Menendez ◽

Chak Fong ◽

Hashem Z ElAlieh ◽

Takuo Kubota ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Plate ◽

Bone Development ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Igf I ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

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Development of the microcirculation of the secondary ossification center in rat humeral head

The Anatomical Record ◽

10.1002/ar.a.20016 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 278A (1) ◽

pp. 419-427 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Sergio Morini ◽

Maria A. Continenza ◽

Giuseppe Ricciardi ◽

Eugenio Gaudio ◽

Luigi Pannarale

Keyword(s):

Humeral Head ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

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The epiphyseal secondary ossification center: Evolution, development and function

Bone ◽

10.1016/j.bone.2020.115701 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 115701

Author(s):

Meng Xie ◽

Andrei S. Chagin

Keyword(s):

Ossification Center ◽

And Function ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

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Retinol-binding protein 4 is expressed in chondrocytes of developing mouse long bones: implications for a local role in formation of the secondary ossification center

Histochemistry and Cell Biology ◽

10.1007/s00418-012-1062-9 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 139 (5) ◽

pp. 727-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jodie T. Hatfield ◽

Peter J. Anderson ◽

Barry C. Powell

Keyword(s):

Binding Protein ◽

Retinol Binding Protein ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Long Bones ◽

Retinol Binding Protein 4 ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

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Congenital os odontoideum arising from the secondary ossification center without prior fracture

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/2012.9.spine12824 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 594-597 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Brian J. McHugh ◽

Ryan A. Grant ◽

Alyssa B. Zupon ◽

Michael L. DiLuna

Keyword(s):

Motor Vehicle ◽

Odontoid Process ◽

Vascular Supply ◽

The Body ◽

Atlantoaxial Instability ◽

Ossification Center ◽

Os Odontoideum ◽

Vehicle Collision ◽

Prior Fracture ◽

Secondary Ossification Center

The etiology of os odontoideum has been debated in the literature since the condition was initially described. The authors present the case of a 4-year-old girl who was found to have an os odontoideum with atlantoaxial instability after a motor vehicle collision. Imaging performed 3 years earlier demonstrated an incompletely ossified, cartilaginous, orthotopic os separated from the body of the odontoid process at the level of the secondary ossification center with a short odontoid process. This case presents the earliest imaging demonstration of the presence of a congenital orthotopic os odontoideum at the secondary ossification center. The authors review the pertinent literature and propose that the etiology of os odontoideum is multifactorial and related to the embryology and vascular supply to the odontoid process.

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Appearance and Development of Secondary Ossification Center: A Mathematical Model Approach

ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/sbc2010-19648 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

D. A. Garzón-Alvarado ◽

L. M. Peinado-Cortés

Keyword(s):

Central Zone ◽

Ossification Center ◽

The Finite Element Method ◽

Ossification Centre ◽

Coupled Partial Differential Equations ◽

Cartilage Canals ◽

Spatio Temporal ◽

Two Phases ◽

Secondary Ossification Center ◽

Model Approach

This paper introduces an “hypothesis about the growth pattern of the secondary ossification centre (SOC)”, whereby two phases are assumed. First, the formation of cartilage canals as an event essential for the development of the SOC. Second, hence the canals are merged in the central zone of the epiphysis, molecular factors are released (primarily Runx2 and MMP9) spreading and causing hypertrophy of adjacent cells. In order to test this hypothesis we solve a system of coupled partial differential equations using the finite element method and we have obtained spatio-temporal patterns of the growth process of the SOC. The model is in qualitatively agreement with experimental results previously reported by other authors.

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