scholarly journals Thermodynamic potentials and evolution towards the stationary state in open systems of far-from-equilibrium chemical reactions: The affinity squared minimum function

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Mel ◽  
D. A. Ewald
Keyword(s):  
Stationary State ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Minimum Function ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical

scholarly journals The application of oscillating chemical reactions to analytical determinations

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1023-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Ren ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhang ◽  
Jinzhang Gao ◽  
Wu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Stationary State ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

AbstractOscillating chemical reactions, which are far from equilibrium, are extremely sensitive to certain species and may provide new analytical methods using the regular oscillations as well as the non-equilibrium stationary state after system bifurcation. This review of their application to analytical chemistry from 2005 to 2012 includes other appropriate references. Both organic and inorganic analytes are included.

scholarly journals Chemical and biochemical thermodynamics reunification (IUPAC Technical Report)

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Sabatini ◽  
Marco Borsari ◽  
Gerard P. Moss ◽  
Stefano Iotti
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Joint Commission ◽  
Chemical Thermodynamics ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Mathematical Transformation ◽  
Biochemical Nomenclature ◽  
Thermodynamic Potentials ◽  
Technical Report

AbstractAccording to the 1994 IUBMB-IUPAC Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN) on chemical and biochemical reactions, two categories of thermodynamics, based on different concepts and different formalisms, are established: (i) chemical thermodynamics, which employ conventional thermodynamic potentials to deal with chemical reactions [1], [2], [3]; and (ii) biochemical thermodynamics, which employ transformed thermodynamic quantities to deal with biochemical reactions based on the formalism proposed by Alberty [4], [5], [6], [7]. We showed that the two worlds of chemical and biochemical thermodynamics, which so far have been treated separately, can be reunified within the same thermodynamic framework. The thermodynamics of chemical reactions, in which all species are explicitly considered with their atoms and charge balanced, are compared with the transformed thermodynamics generally used to treat biochemical reactions where atoms and charges are not balanced. The transformed thermodynamic quantities suggested by Alberty are obtained by a mathematical transformation of the usual thermodynamic quantities. The present analysis demonstrates that the transformed values for ΔrG′0 and ΔrH′0 can be obtained directly, without performing any transformation, by simply writing the chemical reactions with all the pseudoisomers explicitly included and the elements and charges balanced. The appropriate procedures for computing the stoichiometric coefficients for the pseudoisomers are fully explained by means of an example calculation for the biochemical ATP hydrolysis reaction. It is concluded that the analysis reunifies the “two separate worlds” of conventional thermodynamics and transformed thermodynamics.

A method for incorporating equilibrium chemical reactions into multiphase flow models for CO2 storage

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 431-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten W. Saaltink ◽  
Victor Vilarrasa ◽  
Francesca De Gaspari ◽  
Orlando Silva ◽  
Jesús Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiphase Flow ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Co2 Storage ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical

Numerical simulation of air hypersonic flows with equilibrium chemical reactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav Emelyanov ◽  
Anton Karpenko ◽  
Konstantin Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Hypersonic Flows ◽  
Equilibrium Chemical

scholarly journals On the beneficent thickness of water

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 20190061 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Branscomb ◽  
M. J. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Anomalous Behaviour ◽  
Reciprocal Relations ◽  
Far From Equilibrium

In the 1930s, Lars Onsager published his famous ‘reciprocal relations’ describing free energy conversion processes. Importantly, these relations were derived on the assumption that the fluxes of the processes involved in the conversion were proportional to the forces (free energy gradients) driving them. For chemical reactions, however, this condition holds only for systems operating close to equilibrium—indeed very close; nominally requiring driving forces to be smaller than k B T . Fairly soon thereafter, however, it was quite inexplicably observed that in at least some biological conversions both the reciprocal relations and linear flux–force dependency appeared to be obeyed no matter how far from equilibrium the system was being driven. No successful explanation of how this ‘paradoxical’ behaviour could occur has emerged and it has remained a mystery. We here argue, however, that this anomalous behaviour is simply a gift of water, of its viscosity in particular; a gift, moreover, without which life almost certainly could not have emerged. And a gift whose appreciation we primarily owe to recent work by Prof. R. Dean Astumian who, as providence has kindly seen to it, was led to the relevant insights by the later work of Onsager himself.

scholarly journals Open Prebiotic Environments Drive Emergent Phenomena and Complex Behavior

Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Wagner ◽  
David Hochberg ◽  
Enrique Peacock-Lopez ◽  
Indrajit Maity ◽  
Gonen Ashkenasy
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
And Function

We have been studying simple prebiotic catalytic replicating networks as prototypes for modeling replication, complexification and Systems Chemistry. While living systems are always open and function far from equilibrium, these prebiotic networks may be open or closed, dynamic or static, divergent or convergent to a steady state. In this paper we review the properties of these simple replicating networks, and show, via four working models, how even though closed systems exhibit a wide range of emergent phenomena, many of the more interesting phenomena leading to complexification and emergence indeed require open systems.

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