Atomic-Scale Observation of Spontaneous Hole Doping and Concomitant Lattice Instabilities in Strained Nickelate Films

Thin oxide films are of vast opportunities for modern electronics and can facilitate emergent phenomena by factors absent in the bulk counterparts, such as the ubiquitous epitaxial strain and interfacial charge doping. Here, we demonstrate the twisting of intended bulk-metallic phases in 10-unit-cell LaNiO3, PrNiO3, and NdNiO3 films on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 into distinct charge-lattice entangled states by epitaxial strains. Using atomically-resolved electron microscopy and spectroscopy, the interfacial electron doping into SrTiO3 in the conventional context of band alignments are discounted. Instead, spontaneously doped holes that are localized and at the order of 1013 cm-2 are atomically unraveled across all three heterointerfaces and associated with strain mitigations by the accompanied atomic intermixing with various ionic radii. The epitaxial strains also lead to condensations of monoclinic-C2/c lattice instabilities, which are hidden to the bulk phase diagram. The group-theoretical analysis of characteristic transition pathways unveils the strain resurrection of the hidden C2/c symmetry. While this strain-induced monoclinic phase in LaNiO3 remains metallic at room temperature, those in PrNiO3 and NdNiO3 turn out to be insulating. Such strain-induced monoclinic lattice instabilities and parasitic localized holes go beyond the classical elastic deformations of films upon epitaxial strains and hint on plausible hidden orders in versatile oxide heterostructures with unexpected properties, of which the exploration is only at the infancy and full of potentials.

Ethnography in Organization Research

Classic organizational theory was built on ethnographic studies. These studies, which rely on immersion in everyday organizational life, adopting the native’s perspective, and an openness to emergent phenomena, have helped illuminate the complexities and nuances of organizations that were otherwise invisible to outsiders. Today, organizational scholarship boasts of drawing on a wide range of theoretical traditions and diverse methodologies, particularly in quantitative methods that lend generalizability and scientific precision to organizational theory. As such, the role of ethnography has also evolved over the years; its validity has been criticized and defended, its ontological and epistemological foundations reflected on, and its place among other traditions clarified. Besides its critical role in establishing organizational study as a discipline in its own right, ethnographic work is now generally recognized and appreciated in the scholarly community, in what has been termed its Golden Age, for its contributions to new intellectual territories across multiple subfields of organizational theory.

Defining Terms and Selecting Metaphors to Understand Technology in the Classroom

The words we use to describe technology in the college classroom matter and should be carefully selected and defined at the onset of any fruitful discussion of the subject. This chapter frames the discussion of technology in the classroom by defining and redefining salient terms, as well as exploring metaphors through which technology in the classroom can be more deeply understood. The constructs of phubbing, presence, interpersonal attraction, immediacy, and rapport are discussed; additionally, tool, text, system, ecology, and drug are evaluated as potentially instructive metaphors. Ultimately, this chapter aims to not only describe mobile technology and its effects in the classroom, but also to aid the reader in examining his or her own thought processes in understanding it. The presence of technology in the classroom is a complex, multifaceted, and still emergent phenomena, and warrants robust consideration on the part of each individual instructor.

Time-resolved smoothness of distributed brain activity tracks conscious states and unifies emergent neural phenomena

Much of systems neuroscience posits that emergent neural phenomena underpin important aspects of brain function. Studies in the field variously emphasize the importance of distinct emergent phenomena, including weakly stable dynamics, arrhythmic 1/f activity, long-range temporal correlations, and scale-free avalanche statistics. Few studies, however, have sought to reconcile these often abstract phenomena with interpretable properties of neural activity. Here, we developed a method to efficiently and unbiasedly generate model data constrained by interpretable empirical features in long neurophysiological recordings. We used this method to ground several major emergent neural phenomena to time-resolved smoothness, the correlation of distributed brain activity between adjacent timepoints. We first found that in electrocorticography recordings, time-resolved smoothness closely tracked transitions between conscious and anesthetized states. We then showed that a minimal model constrained by time-resolved smoothness, variance, and mean, captured dynamical and statistical emergent neural phenomena across modalities and species. Our results thus decouple major emergent neural phenomena from network mechanisms of brain function, and instead couple these phenomena to spatially nonspecific, time-resolved changes of brain activity. These results anchor several theoretical frameworks to a single interpretable property of the neurophysiological signal and, in this way, ultimately help bridge abstract theories of brain function with observed properties of brain activity.

FAULT TREE ANALYSIS (FTA) - FORMAL SAFETY ASSESSMENT (FSA) IN SHIP REPAIR INDUSTRY A MADE EASY APPROACH

Fault tree-Formal Safety Assessment (FT-FSA) is the premier scientific method that is currently being used for the analysis of maritime safety and for formulation of related regulatory policy. To apply FSA in this paper, all five steps are considered and critical information highlighted in each step as reviewed in the literature. A novel 15 steps approach of FT-FSA is introduced in the systematic accident scenario considered in this study as emergent phenomena from variability and interactions in shipyard (considered as a complex system).The results of this paper will be useful for guidelines and regulatory reforms in ship repair industry as demonstrated by identifying ‘fall from height in ship repair occupational hazards’ for recommendation in decision making.

A systems framework for remedying dysfunction in US democracy

Democracy often fails to meet its ideals, and these failures may be made worse by electoral institutions. Unwanted outcomes include elite polarization, unresponsive representatives, and the ability of a faction of voters to gain power at the expense of the majority. Various reforms have been proposed to address these problems, but their effectiveness is difficult to predict against a backdrop of complex interactions. Here we outline a path for systems-level modeling to help understand and optimize repairs to US democracy. Following the tradition of engineering and biology, models of systems include mechanisms with dynamical properties that include nonlinearities and amplification (voting rules), positive feedback mechanisms (single-party control, gerrymandering), negative feedback (checks and balances), integration over time (lifetime judicial appointments), and low dimensionality (polarization). To illustrate a systems-level approach, we analyze three emergent phenomena: low dimensionality, elite polarization, and antimajoritarianism in legislatures. In each case, long-standing rules now contribute to undesirable outcomes as a consequence of changes in the political environment. Theoretical understanding at a general level will also help evaluate whether a proposed reform’s benefits will materialize and be lasting, especially as conditions change again. In this way, rigorous modeling may not only shape new lines of research but aid in the design of effective and lasting reform.

Ethics in Classical Hindu Philosophy: Provinces of Consequence, Agency, and Value in the Bhagavad Gītā and Other Epic and Śāstric Texts

The idea of a univocal property of ‘goodness’ is not clearly found in classical Sanskrit sources; instead, a common ethical strategy was to clarify the ontological nature of the self or world in such a way that ethical implications naturally flow from the adjustment in our thinking. This article gives a synoptic reading of sources that treat features of ethics—dispositions, agents, causal systems of effect, and even values themselves—as emergent phenomena grounded in complex, shifting, porous configurations. One conclusion of this was that what ‘goodness’ entails varies according to the scope and context of our concern. Firstly, we examine how the Bhagavad Gītā fashions a utilitarianism that assumes no universal intrinsically valuable goal or Good, but aims only to sustain the world as a prerequisite for choice. Recognising that this pushes problems of identifying the Good onto the individual; secondly, we look at accounts of malleable personhood in the Caraka Saṃhitā and Book 12 of the Mahābhārata. Finally, the aesthetic theory of the Nāṭya Śāstra hints at a context-constituted conception of value itself, reminding us that evaluative emotions are themselves complex, curate-able, and can expand beyond egoism to encompass interpersonal concerns. Together these sources show aspects of an ethical worldview for which each case is a nexus in a larger ethical fabric. Each tries to pry us away from our most personal concerns, so we can reach beyond the ego to do what is of value for a wider province of which we are a part.

Two distinct superconducting states controlled by orientations of local wrinkles in LiFeAs

For iron-based superconductors, the phase diagrams under pressure or strain exhibit emergent phenomena between unconventional superconductivity and other electronic orders, varying in different systems. As a stoichiometric superconductor, LiFeAs has no structure phase transitions or entangled electronic states, which manifests an ideal platform to explore the pressure or strain effect on unconventional superconductivity. Here, we observe two types of superconducting states controlled by orientations of local wrinkles on the surface of LiFeAs. Using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, we find type-I wrinkles enlarge the superconducting gaps and enhance the transition temperature, whereas type-II wrinkles significantly suppress the superconducting gaps. The vortices on wrinkles show a C2 symmetry, indicating the strain effects on the wrinkles. By statistics, we find that the two types of wrinkles are categorized by their orientations. Our results demonstrate that the local strain effect with different directions can tune the superconducting order parameter of LiFeAs very differently, suggesting that the band shifting induced by directional pressure may play an important role in iron-based superconductivity.