Stability and Dissipative Structures in Open Systems far from Equilibrium

2007 ◽  
pp. 209-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Nicolis
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Far From Equilibrium

scholarly journals Open Prebiotic Environments Drive Emergent Phenomena and Complex Behavior

Life ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Wagner ◽  
David Hochberg ◽  
Enrique Peacock-Lopez ◽  
Indrajit Maity ◽  
Gonen Ashkenasy
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Complex Behavior ◽  
Working Models ◽  
Emergent Phenomena ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Closed Systems ◽  
Prebiotic Environments ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
And Function

We have been studying simple prebiotic catalytic replicating networks as prototypes for modeling replication, complexification and Systems Chemistry. While living systems are always open and function far from equilibrium, these prebiotic networks may be open or closed, dynamic or static, divergent or convergent to a steady state. In this paper we review the properties of these simple replicating networks, and show, via four working models, how even though closed systems exhibit a wide range of emergent phenomena, many of the more interesting phenomena leading to complexification and emergence indeed require open systems.

scholarly journals Spontaneous oscillations due to solutal Marangoni instability: air/water interface

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1423-1441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Liquid Interfaces ◽  
Marangoni Instability ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Surfactant Transfer ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Spontaneous Oscillations ◽  
Steady Convection

AbstractSystems far from equilibrium are able to self-organize and often demonstrate the formation of a large variety of dissipative structures. In systems with free liquid interfaces, self-organization is frequently associated with Marangoni instability. The development of solutal Marangoni instability can have specific features depending on the properties of adsorbed surfactant monolayer. Here we discuss a general approach to describe solutal Marangoni instability and review in details the recent experimental and theoretical results for a system where the specific properties of adsorbed layers are crucial for the observed dynamic regimes. In this system, Marangoni instability is a result of surfactant transfer from a small droplet located in the bulk of water to air/water interface. Various dynamic regimes, such as quasi-steady convection with a monotonous decrease of surface tension, spontaneous oscillations of surface tension, or their combination, are predicted by numerical simulations and observed experimentally. The particular dynamic regime and oscillation characteristics depend on the surfactant properties and the system aspect ratio.

scholarly journals Globular pattern formation of hierarchical ceria nanoarchitecture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noboru Aoyagi ◽  
Ryuhei Motokawa ◽  
Masahiko Okumura ◽  
Takumi Saito ◽  
Shotaro Nishitsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Ordered Structures ◽  
Seed Formation ◽  
Acidic Aqueous Solution ◽  
Multiphase Mixture ◽  
Stability And Instability ◽  
Primary Core ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Crystal Seed

Abstract Dissipative structures often appear as an unstable counterpart of ordered structures owing to fluctuations that do not form a homogeneous phase. Even a multiphase mixture may simultaneously undergo one chemical reaction near equilibrium and another one that is far from equilibrium. Here, we observed in real time crystal seed formation and simultaneous nanocrystal aggregation proceeding from CeIV complexes to CeO2 nanoparticles in an acidic aqueous solution, and investigated the resultant hierarchical nanoarchitecture. The formed particles exhibited two very different size ranges. The hierarchically assembled structures in solutions were CeO2 colloids, viz. primary core clusters (1–3 nm) of crystalline ceria and secondary clusters (20–30 nm) assembled through surface ions. Such self-assembly is widespread in multi-component complex fluids, paradoxically moderating hierarchical reactions. Stability and instability are not only critical but also complementary for co-optimisation around the nearby free energy landscape prior to bifurcation.

scholarly journals Relative ordering in the radial evolution of solar wind turbulence: the S-Theorem approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 2317-2326 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Consolini ◽  
P. De Michelis
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Radial Distance ◽  
Slow Solar Wind ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Turbulent Fluctuations ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Radial Evolution ◽  
Degree Of Order

Abstract. Over the past few decades scientists have shown growing interest in space plasma complexity and in understanding the turbulence in magnetospheric and interplanetary media. At the beginning of the 1980s, Yu. L. Klimontovich introduced a criterion, named S-Theorem, to evaluate the degree of order in far-from-equilibrium open systems, which applied to hydrodynamic turbulence showed that turbulence flows were more organized than laminar ones. Using the same theorem we have evaluated the variation of the degree of self-organization in both Alfvénic and non-Alfvénic turbulent fluctuations with the radial evolution during a long time interval characterized by a slow solar wind. This analysis seems to show that the radial evolution of turbulent fluctuations is accompanied by a decrease in the degree of order, suggesting that, in the case of slow solar wind, the turbulence decays with radial distance.

scholarly journals Thermodynamics in Ecology—An Introductory Review

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Nielsen ◽  
Felix Müller ◽  
Joao Marques ◽  
Simone Bastianoni ◽  
Sven Jørgensen
Keyword(s):  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Mass Conservation ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
The One ◽  
Classical Thermodynamics ◽  
And Function

How to predict the evolution of ecosystems is one of the numerous questions asked of ecologists by managers and politicians. To answer this we will need to give a scientific definition to concepts like sustainability, integrity, resilience and ecosystem health. This is not an easy task, as modern ecosystem theory exemplifies. Ecosystems show a high degree of complexity, based upon a high number of compartments, interactions and regulations. The last two decades have offered proposals for interpretation of ecosystems within a framework of thermodynamics. The entrance point of such an understanding of ecosystems was delivered more than 50 years ago through Schrödinger’s and Prigogine’s interpretations of living systems as “negentropy feeders” and “dissipative structures”, respectively. Combining these views from the far from equilibrium thermodynamics to traditional classical thermodynamics, and ecology is obviously not going to happen without problems. There seems little reason to doubt that far from equilibrium systems, such as organisms or ecosystems, also have to obey fundamental physical principles such as mass conservation, first and second law of thermodynamics. Both have been applied in ecology since the 1950s and lately the concepts of exergy and entropy have been introduced. Exergy has recently been proposed, from several directions, as a useful indicator of the state, structure and function of the ecosystem. The proposals take two main directions, one concerned with the exergy stored in the ecosystem, the other with the exergy degraded and entropy formation. The implementation of exergy in ecology has often been explained as a translation of the Darwinian principle of “survival of the fittest” into thermodynamics. The fittest ecosystem, being the one able to use and store fluxes of energy and materials in the most efficient manner. The major problem in the transfer to ecology is that thermodynamic properties can only be calculated and not measured. Most of the supportive evidence comes from aquatic ecosystems. Results show that natural and culturally induced changes in the ecosystems, are accompanied by a variations in exergy. In brief, ecological succession is followed by an increase of exergy. This paper aims to describe the state-of-the-art in implementation of thermodynamics into ecology. This includes a brief outline of the history and the derivation of the thermodynamic functions used today. Examples of applications and results achieved up to now are given, and the importance to management laid out. Some suggestions for essential future research agendas of issues that needs resolution are given.

scholarly journals On the Evidence of Thermodynamic Self-Organization during Fatigue: A Review

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Mehdi Naderi
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystals ◽  
Excess Entropy ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Persistent Slip Bands ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
The Stability ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Non Equilibrium

In this review paper, the evidence and application of thermodynamic self-organization are reviewed for metals typically with single crystals subjected to cyclic loading. The theory of self-organization in thermodynamic processes far from equilibrium is a cutting-edge theme for the development of a new generation of materials. It could be interpreted as the formation of globally coherent patterns, configurations and orderliness through local interactivities by “cascade evolution of dissipative structures”. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, entropy, and dissipative structures connected to self-organization phenomenon (patterning, orderliness) are briefly discussed. Some example evidences are reviewed in detail to show how thermodynamics self-organization can emerge from a non-equilibrium process; fatigue. Evidences including dislocation density evolution, stored energy, temperature, and acoustic signals can be considered as the signature of self-organization. Most of the attention is given to relate an analogy between persistent slip bands (PSBs) and self-organization in metals with single crystals. Some aspects of the stability of dislocations during fatigue of single crystals are discussed using the formulation of excess entropy generation.

scholarly journals Spontaneous symmetry breaking of dissipative optical solitons in a two-component Kerr resonator

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Xu ◽  
Alexander U. Nielsen ◽  
Bruno Garbin ◽  
Lewis Hill ◽  
Gian-Luca Oppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Open Systems ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
Optical Solitons ◽  
Orthogonal Polarization ◽  
Frequency Combs ◽  
Localized Structures ◽  
Dissipative Solitons

AbstractDissipative solitons are self-localized structures that can persist indefinitely in open systems driven out of equilibrium. They play a key role in photonics, underpinning technologies from mode-locked lasers to microresonator optical frequency combs. Here we report on experimental observations of spontaneous symmetry breaking of dissipative optical solitons. Our experiments are performed in a nonlinear optical ring resonator, where dissipative solitons arise in the form of persisting pulses of light known as Kerr cavity solitons. We engineer symmetry between two orthogonal polarization modes of the resonator and show that the solitons of the system can spontaneously break this symmetry, giving rise to two distinct but co-existing vectorial solitons with mirror-like, asymmetric polarization states. We also show that judiciously applied perturbations allow for deterministic switching between the two symmetry-broken dissipative soliton states. Our work delivers fundamental insights at the intersection of multi-mode nonlinear optical resonators, dissipative structures, and spontaneous symmetry breaking, and expands upon our understanding of dissipative solitons in coherently driven Kerr resonators.

Dissipative Structures, Control and Innovative Behavior in Monopolies

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Jenner
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Dissipative Structures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Innovative Behavior ◽  
External Market ◽  
Far From Equilibrium ◽  
Non Linear Systems ◽  
Market Pressures ◽  
Scientific Fields

Although many economists have tended to agree with Schumpeter that most research and innovative activities will tend to be conducted by large, monopolistic firms, empirical studies do not provide clear evidence to support this conclusion. Part of the problem in resolving this conflict, it is argued, rests with the lack of a methodologically sound conceptual framework for examining the processes of innovation. This paper employs concepts from the comparatively new scientific fields of “chaos”, non-linear systems, and “dissipative structures”—as well as from cybernetics and information theory—to develop an outline of a general model to explore the issue. It concludes that to the extent that monopolies tend to move “close to equilibrium”, their internal entropy will increase, and their R&D efforts will atrophy. On the other hand, when these firms are driven by external market pressures “far from equilibrium”, R&D and innovative activities become revitalized.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document