The system H2O?HCl?NH4Cl at 25�C: A study of Harned's rule

1974 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 837-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Robinson ◽  
Rabindra N. Roy ◽  
Roger G. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Harned's Rule

Thermodynamic properties of multicomponent electrolyte solutions in mixed solvents. 5• HCl + NaCl + urea + water at 278.5–318.15 K

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian-Yuan Men ◽  
Jia-Zhen Yang ◽  
Chun-Yu Liang ◽  
Li-Tian Zhang ◽  
Huan Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Solvents ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Absolute Temperature ◽  
Molar Enthalpy ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Solution Theory ◽  
Electrolytic Solution ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Electromotive Force Measurements

This paper reports electromotive force measurements of the cells[Formula: see text]and[Formula: see text]in mixed solvents of urea, mole fraction x = 0.05, at five temperatures from 278.15 to 318.15 K. The standard potentials of Ag–AgCl electrode in mixed solvents were obtained from the emf of cell (A) for HCl of molality mA from 0.02 to 0.11 mol kg−1, both by extrapolation on the basis of an extended Debye–Hückel equation and by a polynomial approach proposed in this paper on the basis of Pitzer's electrolytic solution theory. The standard free energies of transfer for HCl are discussed. The activity coefficients of HClγA in HCl + NaCl + urea + water have also been obtained from the emf of cell (B) at constant total ionic strength I = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mol kg−1. The experimental results show that HCl obeys Harned's rule and log γA is a linear function of absolute temperature T. They also indicate that the relative partial molar enthalpy of HCl obeys a similar Harned's rule.

NaCl and CaCl2 activity coefficients in mixed aqueous solutions

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1332-1336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward W. Moore ◽  
James W. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Osmotic Coefficients ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Glass Electrode ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Potentiometric Measurement

In the investigation of numerous physiological phenomena it is the activity of an ion species which is desired, rather than stoichiometric concentration. The calculation of mean ionic activity from known concentration data requires accurate activity coefficients (ggr). This report concerns the determination of ggrNaCl and ggrCaCl2 in mixed NaCl-CaCl2 solutions by potentiometric measurement with a sodium-selective glass electrode-Ag/AgCl electrode system over the ionic strength range 0.05–0.5 m. Log ggrNaCl varied linearly, at constant total ionic strength, with the ionic strength of CaCl2 in the mixture, in accordance with Harned's rule. From data thus obtained, ggrCaCl2 coefficients in such mixed solutions have been calculated and compared with values calculated from published osmotic data. Resulting activity coefficient curves for ggrCaCl2 are presented over the concentration range encountered in serum and other extracellular fluids. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Leonard Kaye and Leonard L. Anderson) glass electrodes; ion interaction; electrolyte metabolism; Harned's rule; membrane transport; osmotic coefficients Submitted on March 11, 1965

Thermodynamics of Mixed Electrolyte Solutions

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1410-1413 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Sangster ◽  
Fabio Lenzi
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Mixed Electrolyte ◽  
Mixed Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Zdanovskii’S Rule ◽  
Zdanovskii's Rule

A general thermodynamic expression has been derived for the deviation Δ from Zdanovskii's rule. Conditions have been deduced under which Δ vanishes, and examples given. For nonzero values of Δ it has been shown by means of an example that Δ may be evaluated in some cases by the introduction of empirical assumptions, such as Harned's rule. The use of Zdanovskii's rule in facilitating the integration of the McKay–Perring equation has been discussed briefly.

Activity coefficients in the system H2O–NaCl–MgSO4 at 25°C

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 821-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Platford
Keyword(s):  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Infinite Dilution ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Mean Activity Coefficients

The system H2O–NaCl–MgSO4 was studied by both the isopiestic and the electromotive force (e.m.f.) methods, and mean activity coefficients of NaCl and MgSO4 were measured at 25 °C at ionic strengths up to 0.72. Difficulty was encountered in extrapolating the isopiestic results to infinite dilution and an extrapolation was chosen which made the isopiestic results consistent with e.m.f. results on the same system. Harned's rule was not obeyed for either salt.

Activity coefficients of NaCl in NaCl–NaOAc–H2O at 25, 35, and 45 °C

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manohar ◽  
J. Ananthaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Osmotic Coefficients ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Pitzer Formalism ◽  
Scatchard Equation

The activity coefficients of NaCl were estimated by measuring the EMFs of the cell[Formula: see text]at four ionic strengths, i.e., 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mol/kg and at temperatures 25, 35, and 45 °C. The results were analyzed in terms of Harned's rule, the Pitzer and Rush–Johnson–Scatchard treatments. Osmotic coefficients and excess free energies of mixing were calculated at all ionic strengths and temperatures studied. Key words: activity coefficients, sodium chloride, sodium acetate, Pitzer formalism, Scatchard equation.

Activity Coefficients of (Hydrogen Chloride + Europium Chloride) (aq) Using Harned's Rule and the Pitzer Formalism

2001 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabindra N. Roy ◽  
Lakshmi N. Roy ◽  
Darin Gregory ◽  
Andria VanLanduyt ◽  
Denis Pierrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Chloride ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Pitzer Formalism ◽  
Europium Chloride

CALCULATION OF HEATS OF SOLUTION IN SATURATED MIXED ELECTROLYTES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Y. Iyengar
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Coefficient ◽  
Activity Coefficients ◽  
Solubility Product ◽  
Mixed Electrolytes ◽  
Heats Of Solution ◽  
Harned's Rule

Theoretical equations have been derived for calculating heats of solutions of an electrolyte in its saturated system comprising one or more electrolytes. These expressions involve the application of "Harned's rule" concerning activity coefficients in mixed electrolytic solutions to an extension of van't Hoff's equation dealing with the temperature coefficient of solubility product in non-ideal systems. The commonly occurring case of mixed electrolytic pairs has been considered in detail. Application of theoretical equations to calculate the heats of solutions KCl, NaCl, and KNO3 in the saturated systems KCl–NaCl–H2O and KCl–KNO3–H2O is briefly discussed.

Liquid junction potentials by computer simulation. II. Lewis and Sargent cell. Harned's rule for single ions

1973 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
pp. 1540-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Hwei Chen ◽  
Henry S. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Liquid Junction ◽  
Harned's Rule ◽  
Liquid Junction Potentials

The System HCl + NdCl3 + H2O from 5 to 55 ∘C: A Study of Harned's Rule

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 1017-1031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabindra N. Roy ◽  
Lakshmi N. Roy ◽  
Curtis A. Himes ◽  
Sarah J. Richards ◽  
Sean R. LeNoue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harned's Rule
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