scholarly journals On the balancing property of Matkowski means

Author(s):  
Tibor Kiss

Abstract Let $$I\subseteq \mathbb {R}$$ I ⊆ R be a nonempty open subinterval. We say that a two-variable mean $$M:I\times I\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$ M : I × I → R enjoys the balancing property if, for all $$x,y\in I$$ x , y ∈ I , the equality $$\begin{aligned} {M\big (M(x,M(x,y)),M(M(x,y),y)\big )=M(x,y)} \end{aligned}$$ M ( M ( x , M ( x , y ) ) , M ( M ( x , y ) , y ) ) = M ( x , y ) holds. The above equation has been investigated by several authors. The first remarkable step was made by Georg Aumann in 1935. Assuming, among other things, that M is analytic, he solved (1) and obtained quasi-arithmetic means as solutions. Then, two years later, he proved that (1) characterizes regular quasi-arithmetic means among Cauchy means, where, the differentiability assumption appears naturally. In 2015, Lucio R. Berrone, investigating a more general equation, having symmetry and strict monotonicity, proved that the general solutions are quasi-arithmetic means, provided that the means in question are continuously differentiable. The aim of this paper is to solve (1), without differentiability assumptions in a class of two-variable means, which contains the class of Matkowski means.

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 925
Author(s):  
Michal Staš

The crossing number cr ( G ) of a graph G is the minimum number of edge crossings over all drawings of G in the plane. The main goal of the paper is to state the crossing number of the join product K 2 , 3 + C n for the complete bipartite graph K 2 , 3 , where C n is the cycle on n vertices. In the proofs, the idea of a minimum number of crossings between two distinct configurations in the various forms of arithmetic means will be extended. Finally, adding one more edge to the graph K 2 , 3 , we also offer the crossing number of the join product of one other graph with the cycle C n .


Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 662
Author(s):  
Mateu Sbert ◽  
Jordi Poch ◽  
Shuning Chen ◽  
Víctor Elvira

In this paper, we present order invariance theoretical results for weighted quasi-arithmetic means of a monotonic series of numbers. The quasi-arithmetic mean, or Kolmogorov–Nagumo mean, generalizes the classical mean and appears in many disciplines, from information theory to physics, from economics to traffic flow. Stochastic orders are defined on weights (or equivalently, discrete probability distributions). They were introduced to study risk in economics and decision theory, and recently have found utility in Monte Carlo techniques and in image processing. We show in this paper that, if two distributions of weights are ordered under first stochastic order, then for any monotonic series of numbers their weighted quasi-arithmetic means share the same order. This means for instance that arithmetic and harmonic mean for two different distributions of weights always have to be aligned if the weights are stochastically ordered, this is, either both means increase or both decrease. We explore the invariance properties when convex (concave) functions define both the quasi-arithmetic mean and the series of numbers, we show its relationship with increasing concave order and increasing convex order, and we observe the important role played by a new defined mirror property of stochastic orders. We also give some applications to entropy and cross-entropy and present an example of multiple importance sampling Monte Carlo technique that illustrates the usefulness and transversality of our approach. Invariance theorems are useful when a system is represented by a set of quasi-arithmetic means and we want to change the distribution of weights so that all means evolve in the same direction.


Author(s):  
Chung-Hao Wang

An analytical solution of the problem of a cylindrically anisotropic tube which contains a line dislocation is presented in this study. The state space formulation in conjunction with the eigenstrain theory is proved to be a feasible and systematic methodology to analyze a tube with the existence of dislocations. The state space formulation which expediently groups the displacements and the cylindrical surface traction can construct a governing differential matrix equation. By using Fourier series expansion and the well developed theory of matrix algebra, the asymmetrical solutions are not only explicit but also compact in form. The dislocation considered in this study is a kind of mixed dislocation which is the combination of edge dislocations and a screw dislocation and the dislocation line is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube. The degeneracy of the eigen relation and the technique to determine the inverse of a singular matrix are thoroughly discussed, so that the general solutions can be applied to the case of isotropic tubes, which is one of the novel features of this research. The results of isotropic problems, which are belong to the general solutions, are compared with the well-established expressions in the literature. The satisfied correspondences of these comparisons indicate the validness of this study. A cylindrically orthotropic tube is also investigated as an example and the numerical results for the displacements and tangential stress on the outer surface are displayed. The effects on surface stresses due to the existence of a dislocation appear to have a characteristic of localized phenomenon.


Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Cynarski ◽  
Jan Słopecki ◽  
Bartosz Dziadek ◽  
Peter Böschen ◽  
Paweł Piepiora

(1) Study aim: This is a comparative study for judo and jujutsu practitioners. It has an intrinsic value. The aim of this study was to showcase a comparison of practitioners of judo and a similar martial art jujutsu with regard to manual abilities. The study applied the measurement of simple reaction time in response to a visual stimulus and handgrip measurement. (2) Materials and Methods: The group comprising N = 69 black belts from Poland and Germany (including 30 from judo and 39 from jujutsu) applied two trials: “grasping of Ditrich rod” and dynamometric handgrip measurement. The analysis of the results involved the calculations of arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson correlations. Analysis of the differences (Mann–Whitney U test) and Student’s t-test were also applied to establish statistical differences. (3) Results: In the test involving handgrip measurement, the subjects from Poland (both those practicing judo and jujutsu) gained better results compared to their German counterparts. In the test involving grasping of Ditrich rod, a positive correlation was demonstrated in the group of German judokas between the age and reaction time of the subjects (rxy = 0.66, p < 0.05), as well as in the group of jujutsu subjects between body weight and the reaction time (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). A significant and strong correlation between handgrip and weight was also established for the group of German judokas (rxy = 0.75, p < 0.05). In Polish competitors, the correlations were only established between the age and handgrip measurements (rxy = 0.49, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Simple reaction times in response to visual stimulation were shorter in the subjects practicing the martial art jujutsu. However, the statement regarding the advantage of the judokas in terms of handgrip force was not confirmed by the results.


1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-83
Author(s):  
Najib Tsouli ◽  
Omar Chakrone ◽  
Mostafa Rahmani ◽  
Omar Darhouche

In this paper, we will show that the strict monotonicity of the eigenvalues of the biharmonic operator holds if and only if some unique continuation property is satisfied by the corresponding eigenfunctions.


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