AbstractThe effect of longitudinal zonation patterns and macroinvertebrate responses to changes in habitat characteristics have been given a lot of attention. But studies of changes in macroinvertebrate assemblages along small upland undisturbed watercourses are still lacking. The aim of the study is to analyse variability in macroinvertebrate communities between two different habitats/morphological sequences – shallow (riffle/run/step/) and deeper (pool) channel-bed morphological units on the background of the environmental parameters (local relief, slope, channel confinement ratio, channel-valley walls connectivity, floodplain continuity and channel abut, channel sinuosity and predominant land cover of riparian zone) of seven valley segments (functional process zones) in two seasons of the year (spring and autumn). The longitudinal-downstream gradient research was conducted on the semi-natural upland headwater brook in the Little Carpathians (9,330 m long, average gradient 2.8%) at 15 morphological sequences (30 sampling points). Each sampling point in spring as well as in autumn was characterised by mean flow velocity, discharge, water depth, channel width, channel bottom particle size, and flow types. Selected physico-chemical variables: pH, dissolved oxygen content (DO), oxygen saturation (DO %), temperature (t) conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured directly in the field using the multisonde measuring device. Organisms were identified into the family level. The results showed that differences in zonation of benthic invertebrates between seasons are more apparent than seasonal variability between pools and riffles. Spring samples followed the increasing gradient of total dissolved solids downstream with characteristic families for upper and lower stretch. The disruption of macroinvertebrates zonation was more evident in autumn samples with greatest effects in pools. Based on RDA, the distribution of families was driven by three significant variables in riffles and four in pools. Alike environmental factors of pool sequences in the middle and upper reaches were responsible for similarity in macroinvertebrate structure. In conclusion, the distribution pattern of benthic invertebrates of the natural part of the small headwater stream in terms of abundance of macroinvertebrate families followed the longitudinal zonation in spring, but in autumn were the local habitat conditions more important.
Effects of heavy metals on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in high mountain streams