scholarly journals Soybean leaf age and plant stage influence expression of resistance to velvetbean caterpillar and fall armyworm

Chemoecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno H. S. Souza ◽  
Eduardo N. Costa ◽  
Zulene A. Ribeiro ◽  
Bruno Perlatti ◽  
Mara C. P. Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Age ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Soybean Leaf

scholarly journals Soybean Leaf Age and Plant Stage Influence Expression of Resistance to Velvetbean Caterpillar and Fall Armyworm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo N. Costa ◽  
Zulene A. Ribeiro ◽  
Bruno Perlatti ◽  
Mara C. P. Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Antibiosis Resistance

Abstract Numerous species of herbivorous insects are associated with soybeans, including the specialist velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis, and the generalist fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. Expression of plant resistance is influenced by factors intrinsic to host plants, such as leaf age and plant stage, which can differentially affect specialist and generalist insects due to varying levels of plant defense and corresponding insect adaptation. In this study four experiments were carried out to test the hypotheses that levels of antibiosis-resistance to VBC and FAW in the resistant genotype PI 227687 and susceptible genotype IGRA RA 626 RR are related to leaf age and plant stage of soybean. Furthermore, the concentrations of nutrients and selected flavonoids were quantified to give insights on possible chemical mechanisms underlying the resistance. As results, development of VBC and FAW were negatively affected when larvae fed leaves of the resistant genotype, older leaves from the lower part of plants, or leaves from reproductive-stage soybeans. The effects were partly different for each insect species, and the generalist FAW was more affected by higher resistance levels in the older leaves of soybean than the specialist VBC. Distribution and concentrations of nutrients and flavonoids in soybean in function of leaf age and plant stage may explain the varying levels of antibiosis-resistance to VBC and FAW. These results can benefit developments of specific protocols for screening resistant soybean genotypes and pest management strategies focused in plant parts and growth stages that insect-resistance levels are lowest.

scholarly journals Nontarget Effects of Soil-Applied Chlorpyrifos on Defoliating Pests and Arthropod Predators in Peanut1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Funderburk ◽  
L. B. Braxton ◽  
R. E. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Solenopsis Invicta ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Red Imported Fire Ant ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Nontarget Effects ◽  
Arthropod Predators ◽  
Solenopsis Invicta Buren ◽  
Imported Fire Ant

Abstract Studies determined the effects of granular chlorpyrifos on densities of nontarget arthropods in peanuts. A portion of several commercial fields was treated during the early pod stage of peanut growth in 1987 and 1988; then, densities of defoliating pests and arthropod predators were estimated weekly. Populations of Helicoverpa spp. were significantly increased in 1987 by chlorpyrifos application, but were not significantly affected in 1988. Densities of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, were low on most sample dates. On dates when densities were great, populations were directly suppressed by chlorpyrifos application. Densities of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), were always low, and were not affected by chlorpyrifos application. Arthropod predators sampled included the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren; spiders (Aranaea: Araneidae); ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae); earwigs (Dermaptera: Labiduridae); damsel bugs (Hemiptera: Nabidae); and bigeyed bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). Densities of spiders were significantly decreased by chlorpyrifos application. The other predators were not significantly affected. These results demonstrate that chlorpyrifos application results in nontarget effects on defoliating pest populations. Treated fields should be scouted regularly, because such fields may have an increased potential for outbreaks of some defoliating pests.

Resistance in Eight Peanut Genotypes to Foliar Feeding of Fall Armyworm, Velvetbean Caterpillar, and Corn Earworm

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Todd ◽  
R. M. Beach ◽  
W. D. Branch
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Pupal Weight ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Percent Survival ◽  
Curly Leaf

Abstract A laboratory feeding bioassay was used to test field-grown foliage of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for foliar feeding resistance to three common species of defoliating caterpillars: velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); and corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. The eight peanut genotypes studied were: Southern Runner, Florigiant, Curly Leaf, GPNC 343, Robut 33–1, NC6, Tifton-8, and Florunner. Percent survival of both FAW and VBC was very high (84–100%) when reared on any of the genotypes tested. Development to the pupal stage was slowest for FAW reared on Florunner, NC 6, and Tifton-8, and for VBC reared on Florunner and Tifton-8. Percent survival of CEW larvae was reduced on both NC 6 and Tifton-8 (36% survival). Differences in development to pupation and pupal weight were less distinct for CEW. When CEW larvae were provided ten peanut blooms each 48 hours in addition to unlimited foliage, development to pupation was significantly shorter in Florunner, NC 6, Robut 33–1, GPNC 343, and Curly Leaf than when larvae were fed only foliage. Similarly, CEW pupal weights were heavier in Florunner and GPNC 343 treatments, indicating that feeding on peanut blooms of most peanut genotypes tested was of benefit to CEW. In terms of overall response of the three insect species tested, NC 6 and Tifton-8 appeared to be the most resistant while Robut 33–1, Curly Leaf, and Florigiant appeared to be the most susceptible.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF LEAF AGE AND SHADING ON THE MOVEMENT OF 14C THROUGH A SOYBEAN LEAF

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-212
Author(s):  
L. R. BENJAMIN ◽  
D. B. EGLI ◽  
J. E. LEGGETT
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Perchloric Acid ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Initial Activity ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Leaf ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of leaf age and shading on the movement of 14C assimilates through soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves. Leaves on plants at initial bloom and mid-podfill were pulse-labelled with 14CO2 for 2 min and the distribution of 14C in the leaf was followed for 24 h. Initially, 90% of the 14C activity was in the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction; this decreased rapidly, and by 7 h after labeling only 10% of the initial activity was in this fraction. The 14C in starch and perchloric-acid-soluble fractions increased to a maximum level (approx. 30% of initial activity) 30 min after labeling and declined slowly over the rest of the period. After 24 h, approximately 80% of the 14C had moved out of the leaf. There was no effect of leaf age on the pattern of movement of 14C through the leaf. Completely shading the plant immediately after labeling resulted in a rapid cessation (within 30 mm) of 14C movement into starch with an accompanying retention of 14C in the 80% ethanol-soluble fraction.

scholarly journals Utility of DNA Flow Cytometry for Ploidy Determination of Anther-derived Broccoli: Effect of Leaf Age and Sampling Protocols

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 513A-513
Author(s):  
Mark W. Farnham ◽  
Ellis J. Caniglia ◽  
Claude E. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Microspore Culture ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Mature Plant ◽  
Dna Flow Cytometry ◽  
Ploidy Determination ◽  
Sampling Protocols ◽  
Plant Stage ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) breeders routinely use anther or microspore culture to produce dihaploid (diploid), homozygous lines. During the culture process, polyploidization occurs and diploid regenerants can result. However, polyploidization may not occur at all, or it may involve a tripling or quadrupling of the chromosome complement. Thus, regenerated populations must be screened to identify the diploids that are the regenerants most likely to set seed and serve as inbred lines. DNA flow cytometry has proven a useful procedure for determining ploidy of anther derived regenerants. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of leaf age and sampling procedures on ploidy determination via flow cytometry. Anther-derived plants were analyzed at a four- to five-leaf stage (transplant stage) and at time of heading (mature plant stage). In addition, leaves were sampled on a given date and stability of the flow cytometry preparations was evaluated over 7 days. Lastly, the stability of ploidy readings of leaves stored at 4°C was examined over a 7-day period. In only one case out of 123 comparative assays did leaf age affect ploidy determination. For that exception, a haploid at transplant stage was a diploid at the mature plant stage. Flow cytometry preparations and also leaves stored at 4°C gave consistent ploidy determinations up to four days after preparations were made or tissue was refrigerated, respectively. These results indicate that broccoli breeders can make flow cytometry preparations on site and send them offsite for flow cytometry analysis. Alternatively, leaves could be refrigerated, sent offsite, and then prepared and analyzed at another location.

Seasonal Abundance of the Fall Armyworm and Velvetbean Caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Four Locations in Florida

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Waddill ◽  
E. R. Mitchell ◽  
W. H. Denton ◽  
S. L. Poe ◽  
D. J. Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Peanut Fungicides: Effect on Survival and Development of the Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and Velvetbean Caterpillar1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Helicoverpa Zea ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Comparable Concentration ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Army Worm

Abstract The fungicides chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and propiconazole commonly used for control of peanut diseases were evaluated for activity against the corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner). Chlorothalonil most adversely affected early establishment and survival of neonates of all three insect species on peanut terminal buds. Chlorothalonil also decreased the weight of larvae of all three species at 10 d and extended the time to pupation for fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Similarly, tebuconazole adversely affected early survival and establishment, decreased 10-d weight and extended time to pupation of corn earworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae, but had little effect on fall armyworm larvae. Propiconazole had no effect on establishment and survival of corn earworm and fall armyworm larvae on peanut terminals, and actually increased the weight of 10-d-old larvae for all three insects over that recorded for the untreated control. Orthogonal comparisons of the activity of five chlorothalonil-based fungicides against the fall army-worm showed that the activity was due to chlorothalonil rather than to formulation. At equivalent concentrations used in the field, Bravo Ultrex® was significantly more active against larvae of the fall armyworm than was a comparable concentration of Bravo 72®. However, regression lines did not differ for the two fungicides for any of the developmental parameters measured when larvae of all three species were fed different concentrations of Bravo 720® and Bravo Ultrex® in their meridic diet.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Arachis hypogaea × A. cardenasii Interspecific Lines for Resistance to Insect Pests1

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Lynch ◽  
H. T. Stalker
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Interspecific Cross ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Corn Earworm ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽  
Southern Corn Rootworm ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Abstract Fourteen lines from the interspecific cross Arachis hypogaea X A. cardenasii were evaluated in the field and seven lines from this cross were evaluated in the laboratory for resistance to insect damage. Laboratory evaluation of interspecific lines against major defoliators of peanut showed variable levels of resistance to the corn earworm, no resistance to the fall armyworm, and moderate resistance to the velvetbean caterpillar as noted by a reduced host suitability index in line IC 2–5. Damage ratings to plants in the field indicated no resistance in the interspecific lines to the tobacco thrips. However, a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm was observed in most of the lines. Resistance to the potato leafhopper was indicated by reduced damage ratings for all interspecific lines relative to damage on cv. Florunner. Resistance ratings for the potato leafhopper were highest in lines GP-NC WS 7 and IC 1–19 and was evident even under severe potato leafhopper pressure. The levels of resistance to the southern corn rootworm and potato leafhopper should prove useful in a breeding program to introgress resistance to these insects into elite cultivars.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document