Evaluation of Arachis hypogaea × A. cardenasii Interspecific Lines for Resistance to Insect Pests1

Abstract Fourteen lines from the interspecific cross Arachis hypogaea X A. cardenasii were evaluated in the field and seven lines from this cross were evaluated in the laboratory for resistance to insect damage. Laboratory evaluation of interspecific lines against major defoliators of peanut showed variable levels of resistance to the corn earworm, no resistance to the fall armyworm, and moderate resistance to the velvetbean caterpillar as noted by a reduced host suitability index in line IC 2–5. Damage ratings to plants in the field indicated no resistance in the interspecific lines to the tobacco thrips. However, a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm was observed in most of the lines. Resistance to the potato leafhopper was indicated by reduced damage ratings for all interspecific lines relative to damage on cv. Florunner. Resistance ratings for the potato leafhopper were highest in lines GP-NC WS 7 and IC 1–19 and was evident even under severe potato leafhopper pressure. The levels of resistance to the southern corn rootworm and potato leafhopper should prove useful in a breeding program to introgress resistance to these insects into elite cultivars.

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Resistance in Eight Peanut Genotypes to Foliar Feeding of Fall Armyworm, Velvetbean Caterpillar, and Corn Earworm

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-18-1-11 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 38-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James W. Todd ◽

R. M. Beach ◽

W. D. Branch

Keyword(s):

Fall Armyworm ◽

Pupal Stage ◽

Common Species ◽

Corn Earworm ◽

Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽

Pupal Weight ◽

Test Field ◽

Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽

Percent Survival ◽

Curly Leaf

Abstract A laboratory feeding bioassay was used to test field-grown foliage of eight peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for foliar feeding resistance to three common species of defoliating caterpillars: velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith); and corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea Boddie. The eight peanut genotypes studied were: Southern Runner, Florigiant, Curly Leaf, GPNC 343, Robut 33–1, NC6, Tifton-8, and Florunner. Percent survival of both FAW and VBC was very high (84–100%) when reared on any of the genotypes tested. Development to the pupal stage was slowest for FAW reared on Florunner, NC 6, and Tifton-8, and for VBC reared on Florunner and Tifton-8. Percent survival of CEW larvae was reduced on both NC 6 and Tifton-8 (36% survival). Differences in development to pupation and pupal weight were less distinct for CEW. When CEW larvae were provided ten peanut blooms each 48 hours in addition to unlimited foliage, development to pupation was significantly shorter in Florunner, NC 6, Robut 33–1, GPNC 343, and Curly Leaf than when larvae were fed only foliage. Similarly, CEW pupal weights were heavier in Florunner and GPNC 343 treatments, indicating that feeding on peanut blooms of most peanut genotypes tested was of benefit to CEW. In terms of overall response of the three insect species tested, NC 6 and Tifton-8 appeared to be the most resistant while Robut 33–1, Curly Leaf, and Florigiant appeared to be the most susceptible.

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Interaction of Peanut Variety and Insecticide1,2

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-3-2-6 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 75-77

Author(s):

W. V. Campbell ◽

D. A. Emery ◽

J. C. Wynne ◽

R. W. Batts

Keyword(s):

Control Program ◽

Good Control ◽

Potato Leafhopper ◽

Insect Control ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Growth Type ◽

Intermediate Growth ◽

Systemic Insecticides ◽

Southern Corn Rootworm

Abstract It is generally assumed that insecticide performance is independent of the peanut variety; however, tests conducted for several years indicate insecticide performance is influenced by the peanut variety. The most significant variety-insecticide interaction resulted from systemic insecticides used for control of thrips and leafhoppers on bunch type peanuts. Thimet (phorate) was more effective than Furadan (carbofuran) for thrips control regardless of the peanut variety. Erratic control of thrips and leafhoppers was obtained on bunch, Virginia type peanuts NC Ac 15754, NC Ac 15753, and ‘Shulamit.’ Thimet applied to runner and intermediate growth type peanuts reduced thrips and thrips damage in excess of 90%. Furadan was ineffective against thrips on NC Ac 15754 and gave less than 50% control on Shulamit. Thimet failed to control the potato leafhopper on NC Ac 15753 and Shulamit but gave good control on NC Ac 15754. Furadan which failed to control thrips on NC Ac 15754 gave approximately 50% control of leafhoppers. Furadan which reduced thrips by only 65% on NC Ac 15753 reduced leafhopper damage by 90%. The peanut variety also influenced insecticidal control of the southern corn rootworm. NC Ac 15753 exhibited 2 to 3 times more rootworm damage than ‘Florigiant’ when both peanut varieties were treated with the same rates of insecticides. Diazinon was ineffective against the rootworm on NC Ac 15753 and Mocap performance was significantly reduced when applied on NC Ac 15753. These data indicate the peanut variety should be considered an integral part of an insect control program.

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Resistance of Wild Species of Peanut to an Insect Complex1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-10-1-9 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 30-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

H. T. Stalker ◽

W. V. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Wild Species ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Heliothis Zea ◽

Corn Earworm ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

The North ◽

Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽

Southern Corn Rootworm ◽

Production Area

Abstract A complex of insects which can cause moderate to severe crop damage attacks peanuts in the North Carolina-Virginia production area. Wild species representing the seven sections of the genus Arachis L. were evaluated for resistance to tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), corn earworm (Heliothis zea Bodie), and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) during a 3-year field study. Very high levels of resistance for these insects were identified in several species collections. Because collections in section Arachis were among the species with the highest resistance levels, utilization of the germplasm resources to improve cultivated peanuts should be possible. In addition to evaluating species collections, 40-chromosome (A. hypogaea x wild species) hybrid derivatives were evaluated for resistance to the three insect pests plus southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber). Selections with resistance levels equal to or greater than the cultivar NC 6 were made for corn earworm and southern corn rootworm. Laboratory tests of several Arachis species indicated that a mechanism of resistance to H. zea is antibiosis. Because the levels of resistance to several insects have been greatly increased in lines of A. hypogaea, evidence exists for germplasm introgression from wild to the cultivated species of peanuts.

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Survey of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Virginia and North Carolina Peanut Fields1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-19-2-9 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 98-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. A. Herbert ◽

R. L. Brandenburg ◽

E. R. Day

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Species Composition ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Minor Role ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Survey Area ◽

Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Southern Corn Rootworm ◽

A Minor

Abstract Sixty peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields were surveyed for wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in the Virginia-North Carolina peanut area in 1989 and 1990. A series of baited container soil traps was placed in each field once in early June and again in early August for a total of 605 trap-weeks (trap per field per week = 1 trap-week)). Trap capture was similarly low in both states and in both years with a total of 59 wireworm specimens collected: an average of one wireworm per field per year. Species composition was similarly diverse with Conoderus vespertinus F. comprising 58 percent, C. lividus De Geer 20 percent, Glyphonx sp. 8 percent, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal 7 percent, C. sp. 5 percent, and C. bellus Say 2 percent. Even though wireworm captures were low, moderate to high levels of pod damage were observed. The large number of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) adults detected on nearby pheromone baited sticky traps indicated that most pod damage was not by wireworm but by southern corn rootworm. Implications are that although several wireworm species can be found in association with peanut, they appear to play only a minor role in peanut pod damage in the survey area.

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Peanut Fungicides: Effect on Survival and Development of the Corn Earworm, Fall Armyworm, and Velvetbean Caterpillar1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-23-2-10 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 116-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Robert E. Lynch

Keyword(s):

Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽

Helicoverpa Zea ◽

Fall Armyworm ◽

Corn Earworm ◽

Anticarsia Gemmatalis ◽

Velvetbean Caterpillar ◽

Survival And Development ◽

Comparable Concentration ◽

Terminal Buds ◽

Army Worm

Abstract The fungicides chlorothalonil, tebuconazole, and propiconazole commonly used for control of peanut diseases were evaluated for activity against the corn earworm [Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)], fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)], and velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner). Chlorothalonil most adversely affected early establishment and survival of neonates of all three insect species on peanut terminal buds. Chlorothalonil also decreased the weight of larvae of all three species at 10 d and extended the time to pupation for fall armyworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae. Similarly, tebuconazole adversely affected early survival and establishment, decreased 10-d weight and extended time to pupation of corn earworm and velvetbean caterpillar larvae, but had little effect on fall armyworm larvae. Propiconazole had no effect on establishment and survival of corn earworm and fall armyworm larvae on peanut terminals, and actually increased the weight of 10-d-old larvae for all three insects over that recorded for the untreated control. Orthogonal comparisons of the activity of five chlorothalonil-based fungicides against the fall army-worm showed that the activity was due to chlorothalonil rather than to formulation. At equivalent concentrations used in the field, Bravo Ultrex® was significantly more active against larvae of the fall armyworm than was a comparable concentration of Bravo 72®. However, regression lines did not differ for the two fungicides for any of the developmental parameters measured when larvae of all three species were fed different concentrations of Bravo 720® and Bravo Ultrex® in their meridic diet.

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Interactions of Chlorpyrifos and Herbicides Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps07-015.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 32-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David L. Jordan ◽

Rick L. Brandenburg ◽

P. Dewayne Johnson ◽

Brian M. Royals ◽

Brenda Watson

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Separate Experiment ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Early Season ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Diabrotica Undecimpunctata Howardi ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Southern Corn Rootworm ◽

Standard Application

Abstract Experiments were conducted from 2004 through 2006 in North Carolina to determine peanut injury, pod scarring, pod yield, and percentages of extra large kernels (%ELK), fancy pods (%FP), and total sound mature kernels (%TSMK) following chlorpyrifos applied as a granular at pegging or as emulsifiable concentrate applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in mixture with pendimethalin. In one experiment, preemergence (PRE) herbicides consisted of S-metalochlor, S-metalochlor plus diclosulam, and S-metalochlor plus flumioxazin following chlorpyrifos. In a separate experiment, the postemergence (POST) herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, and paraquat plus bentazon were applied when peanut diameter was 10 to 15 cm. Chlorpyrifos did not interact with diclosulam or flumioxazin applied PRE or with the POST herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen plus bentazon, imazapic, or paraquat plus bentazon with respect to visual injury and pod yield. Applying chlorpyrifos at pegging was more effective than PPI applications in reducing pod scarification caused by southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi) feeding. Although PRE and POST herbicides injured peanut in a manner consistent with standard application of these herbicides, pod yield, %ELK and %TSMK were not affected by early season injury. However, pod yield was lower in the experiment with POST herbicides when chlorpyrifos was applied PPI compared with granular application at pegging. No differences in pod yield, %ELK, %FP, and %TSMK were noted when comparing PPI and pegging applications of chlorpyrifos in the PRE herbicide experiment.

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Diversity in Nutrient Content and Consumer Preferences of Sensory Attributes of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties in Ugandan Agroecosystems

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13052658 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 2658

Author(s):

Rose Nankya ◽

John W. Mulumba ◽

Hannington Lwandasa ◽

Moses Matovu ◽

Brian Isabirye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Consumer Preferences ◽

Consumer Preference ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Intraspecific Diversity ◽

Laboratory Evaluation ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

Arachis Hypogaea L ◽

Cultivated Peanut ◽

Nutrient Amounts

The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most widely consumed legumes globally due to its nutrient content, taste, and affordability. Nutrient composition and consumer preference were determined for twenty local farmer (landrace) and commercial peanut varieties grown in the Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts of the central wooded savanna of Uganda through sensory and laboratory evaluation. Significant differences in nutrient content (p < 0.05) among peanut varieties were found within and across sites. A significant relationship between nutrient content and consumer preference for varieties within and across sites was also realized (Wilk’s lambda = 0.05, p = 0.00). The differences in nutrient content influenced key organoleptic characteristics, including taste, crunchiness, appearance, and soup aroma, which contributed to why consumers may prefer certain varieties to others. Gender differences in variety selection were significantly related to consumer preference for the crunchiness of roasted peanut varieties (F = 5.7, p = 0.016). The results imply that selecting different varieties of peanuts enables consumers to receive different nutrient amounts, while experiencing variety uniqueness. The promotion of peanut intraspecific diversity is crucial for improved nutrition, organoleptic appreciation and the livelihood of those engaged in peanut value chains, especially for the actors who specialize in different peanut products. The conservation of peanut diversity will ensure that the present and future generations benefit from the nutritional content and organoleptic enjoyment that is linked to unique peanut varieties.

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A Risk Index for Determining Insecticide Treatment for Southern Corn Rootworm in Peanut

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-24-2-14 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 128-134 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

D. A. Herbert ◽

W. J. Petka ◽

R. L. Brandenburg

Keyword(s):

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Risk Index ◽

Production Costs ◽

Corn Rootworm ◽

Price Support ◽

Insecticide Treatment ◽

Field Case ◽

Southern Corn Rootworm ◽

The Individual

Abstract The southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, is a primary pest of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., in Virginia and North Carolina and an occasional pest in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Texas. Currently, no alternatives involving integrated pest management exist for this pest, and control is based solely on preventive application of soil insecticides. Recent reductions in federal price support for peanut grown in the U.S. have provided incentives for growers to look for ways to reduce production costs. A risk index was developed that integrates factors that influence rootworm abundance and peanut pod damage to estimate levels of risk in individual peanut fields, and thus allows for more prescriptive and economical rootworm management. This index was evaluated using 44 field case studies in Virginia and North Carolina commercial peanut fields over the period 1989 to 1996. In each field case, predicted risk was compared to actual percent pod damage. Results showed that in 29 of 44 cases, the index accurately predicted general levels of risk to pod damage, and insecticide treatment decisions based on the index would have been correct in 32 of 44 cases. This report contains the individual index components, the justification for each, the indexing process, example index scenarios, and results of the process used in field case study evaluation.

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